一、单元学习要点
本课程共8个单元，每单元由4-5个“学习活动”（activity）组成。每个学习活动含有4-5个“学习任务”(task)。各单元学习要求如下：
| 单元 | 学习要求 |
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| Unit 1 Changing English in a Changing World 世界在变，英语在变 |
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| Unit 2 English in the Past 英语的过去 |
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| Unit 3 The Spread of English beyond Britain 英语走出不列颠 |
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| Unit 4 Social Varieties of English 英语的社会变体 |
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| Unit 5 Trade within and across Language Barriers |
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| Unit 6 Canging English since the Second World War |
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| Unit 7 Emerging Englishes: a Focus of Debate
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| Unit 8 English in a Shrinking World |
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二、考核方式
本课程考核包括两部分：形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩采用百分制，形成性考核占20%，课程终结考试占80%。
1. 形成性考核：包括完成平时作业、参与面授辅导和各项教学活动的情况以及学生对学习过程的自我监控情况。本课程的形成性考核按100分计算。
2. 课程终结考试：包括口试和笔试两部分，分别占课程总成绩的15% 和65%。口试和笔试都由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统考。
1）口试：主要测试考生就与课程相关的指定话题进行有准备的整段发言的能力。口试时，考生进入备考场后，抽取一套考题。每套考题包括一个讲话题目和有关提示。抽得考题后考生准备5分钟，然后进入考场，就指定的题目进行连续发言，时间4分钟。主考教师从发言的内容、组织、语音、语法、词汇五个方面评分。考试时间为10分钟，包括准备时间5分钟，出入考场和发言时间合计5分钟。口试成绩满分为100分。
2）笔试：形式为闭卷，笔答，满分为100分。试卷包括三部分，第一部分为知识，40分；第二部分为阅读，40分；第三部分为简述，20分。考试时间总共为90分钟。
试题结构
| 考试部分 | 题型 | 分值 | 时间 | |
| 笔试 | 知识 | 多项选择、正误判断（20小题） | 笔试的40% | 30分钟 |
| 阅读 | 多项选择、正误判断（4篇短文） | 笔试的40% | 40分钟 | |
| 简述 | 列举、段落形式简述（2小题） | 笔试的20% | 20分钟 | |
三、期末考试样题
中央广播电视大学2008-2009学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试
变化中的英语试题 2009年 1月
Information for the examinees:
This examination consists of 3 parts. They are:
Part I:Knowledge Test(40 points)
PartII:Reading Test(40 points)
Part III:Writing Test(20 points)
The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes.
There will be no extra time to transfer answers to the Answeret;therefore，you should write ALL your answers on the Answeret as you do each task.
Part I Knowledge Test(40 points)
Section 1 Choose the best answer according to what you have learned in this course. (20 points)
1. Angles and Saxons were
A. Latin-speaking Romans B. French-speaking Normans
C. Germanic peoples D. Native British peoples
2. The languages of Anglos，Saxons，and Jutes were
A. the same in structure and vocabulary
B. different in structure and vocabulary, and unrelated
C. different in structure and vocabulary, but related
D. similar in structure but quite different in vocabulary
3. The final conquest of the British Isles was in the
A1st century BC by the Scandinavian people
B 5th century A. D. by the Normans
C. 11th century A. D. by the Normans
D. World War II by Germans
4. An American teacher who made an especially important contribution to the Americ
way of spelling English words was
A. Mark Twin B. Noah Webster
C. Webster Merriam
D. Thomas McCauley
5. Dialects refer to
A. different ways of speaking the same language
B. different written systems
C. different grammatical structures
D. different languages spoken in one place
6. Pidgin means a language，used only for purposes of trade. Itis said to come from
_ pronunciation of the English word "business".
A. Latin
B. Greek
C. American
D. Chinese
7. In the are whowere bornin Britain, North America，Australia, etc
and are of British descent.
A. Outer Circle... English users B. Inner Circle... native speakers
C. Expanding circle... English users D. Outer Circle ... native speakers.
8．The most commonly used language of international deals between Asian and other
countries is
A. Chinese B. English
C. Creole D japanese.
9．New Englishes can be called
A. regional varieties of English B. emerging Englishes
C. local standard Englishes
D. all of the above
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true of new words in English?
A. Many old words are used with new meanings.
B. Many words are created from the initial letters of several words.
C. Some words are borrowed from other languages.
D. Some words are the creations of computers.
Section 2 True or False (20 points)
Decide the following statements to be True (T) or False (F) according to what you have learned from the course.
11. Creoles and New Englishes are quite different. Creoles are well respected，while the
term ‘New Englishes' is a sign of disrespect.
12. Chinese belongs to the Sino-Japanese language family.
13. Spanish, French and Portuguese are descendents of Latin.
14. ELT started to be a profession and a business in Britain as early as the 19`h century.
15. When the Indian government gave equal right and status to Hindi and English，there
were demonstrations against the use of English.
16. In the Quirk view, the local English should be taught，learned and respected.
17. The shrinking world means the world is getting smaller in size.
18. The end of the 200' century is often called the age of rapid communication.
19. Almost everyone has a much larger productive than receptive knowledge of
vocabulary.
20. Edutainmentis an invented word, meaning people learn and are entertained at the
same time.
Part II Reading Test(40 points)
Passage 1 (Questions 21一25)
Read the following passage, and decide whether the statements are T (True) or F (False). Write your answers against the numbers on your Answer Sheet.
Slang, informal，nonstandard words and phrases, generally have shorter lives than the
expressions of ordinary colloquial speech. The former are typically formed by creative, often
witty juxtapositions of words or images. Slang can be contrasted with jargon(technical
language of occupational or other groups)and with argot or cant(secret vocabulary of
underworld groups)，but the borderlines separating these categories from slang are
extremely blurred, and some writers use the terms cant，argot, and jargon in a general way
to include all the foregoing meanings.
Slang trends originate in subcultures within a society. Occupational groups (for
example, loggers, police, medical professionals, and computer specialists) are prominent
originators of both jargon and slang. Other groups creating slang include the armed forces，
teenagers，racial minorities，ghetto residents, labor unions, citizen-band radiobroadcasters,
sports groups, drug addicts，criminals, and even religious denominations (Episcopalians, for
example, produced the term‘spike’，meaning a High Church Anglican).Slang expressions
often embody attitudes and values of group members. They may thus contribute to a sense of
group identity and may convey to the listener information about the speaker’s
background. Before an apt expression becomes slang，however, it must he widely adopted by
members of the subculture. At this point slang and jargon overlap greatly. If the subculture
has enough contact with the mainstream culture, its figures of speech become slang
expressions known to the whole of society. For example，cool cat (aloof, stylish person)，
Mr. Charley (a white man)，The Man(the law)，and Uncle Tom (a meek black)all
originated in the predominantly black Harlem district of New York City and have traveled far
since their inception. Slang is thus generally not tied to any geographic region within a
country.
A slang expression may suddenly become widely used and as quickly dated (skiddoo). Ity become accepted as standard speech, either in its original slang meaning(bus, fromnibus) or with an altered，possibly tamed meaning (jazz, which originally had sexualnnotations).Some expressions have persisted for centuries as slang(booze for alcoholicverage). In the 20th century, mass media and rapid travel have sped up both the circulation
the demise of slang terms. Television and novels have turned criminal cant into slangve grand for$5000).Changing social circumstances may stimulate the spread ofng. Drug-related expressions (such as pot and marijuana) were virtually a secret jargon in1940s;in the 1960s they were adopted by rebellious youth;and in the 1970s and’80sy were widely known.
21. The passage mainly discusses the origins of slang and its social application.
22. According to the author, philosophers also made contributions to the birth of slang.
23. The word `They' in line 7 para. 2 refers to attitudes and values.
24. Slang expressions contribute to the identification of a social group.
25. According to the passage，newspapers and magazines contributed to accelerating the
metabolism(新陈代谢)of slang expressions in the 20" century.
Passage 2 (Questions 26一30)
Read the following passage, and answer the questions after the passage.
In Great Britain at present the speech of educated persons is known as Received Standard
English. A class dialect rather than a regional dialect，it is based on the type of speech
cultivated at such schools as Eton and Harrow and at such of the older universities as Oxford
and Cambridge. Many English people who speak regional dialects in their childhood acquire
Received Standard English while attending school and university. Its influence has become
even stronger in recent years because of its use by such public media as the British
Broadcasting Corp.
Widely differing regional and local dialects are still employed in the various counties of
Great Britain. Other important regional dialects have developed also; for example，the
English language in Ireland has retained certain individual peculiarities of pronunciation,
such as the pronunciation of lave for leave and fluther for flutter; certain syntactical
peculiarities，such as the use of after following forms of the verb be;and certain differences
in vocabulary, including the use of archaic words such as adown(for down)and Celtic
borrowings such as banshee. The Lowland Scottish dialect，sometimes called Lallans，first
made known throughout the English-speaking world by thesongs of the18thcent
Scottish poet Robert Burns，contains differences in pronunciation also，such asneeb
("neighbor") and guid ("good")，and words of Scandinavian origin peculiar to the dial
such as brave and bairn. The English spoken in Australia, with its marked diphthongiza
of vowels, also makes use of special words，retained from English regional dialect usages
taken over from indigenous Australian terms.
An important development of English outside Great Britain occurred with
colonization of North America. American English may be considered to include the Eng
spoken in Canada，although the Canadian variety retains some features of Bri
pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary. The most distinguishing differences betw
American English and British English are in pronunciation and vocabulary. There are slig
differencesin
spelling，pitch，and stress as well. Written American English also ha
tendency tobemore rigid in matters of grammar and syntax, but at the same timeappear
be more tolerant of the use of neologisms. Despite thesedifferences,it is oftendifficul
determine，apart from context，whether serious literaryworks havebeen writtenin G
Britain or the U. S. /Canada-or, for that matter, in Australia，New Zealand,or So
Africa.
26. About Received Standard English, all of the following are true EXCEPT
A. It is a cultural and socialdialect rather than a regional one
B. It is closely connected with reputed educational institutions in Britain
C. The ability to use Received Standard English is by no means inborn
D. Its influence is being counteracted by modern media
27._ is characteristic of the English dialect in_ .
A. The use of the word down in place of adown… Ireland
B. Pronouncing/ei/in certain words as/i:/-Scottish Lowlands
C. Pronouncing/i:/for/ei/… Ireland
D. The use of the words braw and bairn… Australia
28. The appearance of American English was the consequence of British
A. occupation of that new continent across the Atlantic Ocean
B. withdrawal from their colonies in Northern America
C. English development in Canada
D. cultural elimination by indigenous varieties in Northern America
29. The word "distinguishing" in line 4 para. 3 can best be replaced by_ .
A. important B. subtle
C. insignificant D. obvious
30. Written American English differs from its British counterpart in that_ .
A. the former shows more flexibility toward grammar
B. there is quicker acceptance of new words in written American English
C. syntax is more likely to change in written American English
D. the latter has a tendency to be more consistent in spelling
Passage 3 (Questions 31一35)
Read the following passage, and answer the questions after the passage.
How men first learn to invent words is unknown: in other words，the origin of language
is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain
sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate
with each other and that they agreed upon certain signs，called letters，which could be
combined to represent those sounds and which could be written down. Those sounds，
whether spoken or written, we call words.
The power of words，then, lies in their association一 the things they bring up before
our minds. Words become filled with meanings for us by experience; and the longer we live,
the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read
and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these
thoughts in words which appeal to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of
words is what we call literary style. Above all，the real poet is a master of words. He can
convey his meaning in words which sing like music and which，by their position and
association，can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully
and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar.
As for international cultural relations，they are not like a plant whose growth can he
forced under glass:love for another country’s stories and poems cannot be created by clever
publicity，as if philosophy and art were an old brand of cigarettes under a new name. In all
our efforts towards mutual appreciation we have to recognize that certain elements rooted in
tradition, race and indigenous practices are not transferable. There are limits to the
international to which we must pay heed:certain aspects of national culture can be
comprehended only painstakingly. If a mere interchange of books by means of translation, or
their import and export，it might easily be proved that cultures are alike except for
languages. Happily this is not the truth; the fascination of foreign cultures lies in their
inaccessibility. Therefore，a scheme that is directed towards conquering the superficial while
it ignores the essential is without merit.
31. The origin of language is_ .
A. a legend handed down from the past B. a matter that is hidden or secret
C. a question that has many answers D. a problem not yet solved
32. What is true about the words?
A. They can express feelings only B. They cannot be written down
C. They are simply sounds D. They are mysterious
33. By "association" (line 1，para 2)，the author means
A. a special quality B. a joining of ideas
C. a pLizzling appearance D. a strange feature
34. What is mainly discussed in the final paragraph?_ .
A. The importance of cultural exchange
B. Dissimilarities of cultural backgrounds
C. Methods of mastering international culture
D. Obstacles to understanding other cultures
35. The author feels that the key to knowledge of other cultures is
A.careful study B.a publicity drive
C. breaking down the barriers of language D. transferring indigenous varieties
Passage 4 (Questions 36一40)
Read the following passage, and decide whether the statements are T (True) or F (False). Write your answers against the numbers on your Answer Sheet.
David Graddol，a language researcher and lecturer at the Open University in Britain,
said that, on the one hand，English is becoming a language of everyday usage in some
countries in Northern Europe. "Something like 70写of the Dutch population claim now that
they can hold a conversation in English quite comfortably,”Mr. Graddol said. "For them, it
is not a textbook-based foreign exercise. They are already exposed to to
Englishenvironment. People have learned a little bit of it before they get to school Can
and they immediately that it has some use in their lives. In countries like the Netherlands，Sweden orDenmark you need English to complete your education.”
“In other countries, however，English is more truly a foreign language，”said
Mr. Graddol，whose consulting firm, The English Council produced a worldwide report titled
"The Future of English" for the British Council a few years ago. "In some countries，like
China，there is not very much English in the environment and people may be learning it from
teachers who may not speak English very well themselves.”
In a third group of countries, like India and Nigeria where English has been used a long
time，distinct local varieties of the language are emerging, complete with their own
dictionaries，textbooks and literature.
"English is so important in these countries that people use it in part to create their own
social and even national identity,”Mr. Craddol said.“When that happens，the language
starts going its own way. The variety of English that proficient speakers in such countries are
learning may not be terribly useful in an international context.”
"Thus，the very reason for the rise of English-its guarantee of mutual intelligibility
among people of different culture、一。ould dissolve if the language continues to split up into a
variety of‘Englishes’.”
36. 30%of the Dutch population claim they can communicate in English very freely.
37. People in the Netherlands, Sweden or Denmark use English to complete their
education.
38. According to the English Council，in some countries like China there is not very
much English in the environment and English is more truly a foreign language.
39. In countries where distinct local varieties of English are emerging like India，people
no longer use their native language.
40. According to the speaker, English is so popular in some European countries that it
has started going its own way because people use it in part to create their own social
and even national identity.
Part m Writing Test (20 points)
Write short notes according to what you have learned in the course.(10 points for each one)
41. There are many ways in which English learns from other languages through borrowing. Please complete the following table.
| Description | Examples |
| Acronym/ abbreviation | WTO;_____;______;_______ |
| ___________________ | Dragon-boat; The Fragrance Hill(香山) |
| ___________________ | Kongfu; ______;_________ |
| Old words with new meanings | Windows; ______;_________ |
| Invented words | Infomania;______ |
42. Please explain the style of Science English.
Part I Knowledge Test (40 points) Two points for each item
1.C 2. C 3. C 4.B 5.A 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10.D
11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15.T 16.F 17. F 18. T 19. F 20. T
Part II Reading Test(40 points) Two points for eachitem
21. T 22.F 23. F 24. T 25. T
26. D 27.B 28. A 29. D 30.B
31.B 32C. 33. B 34. D 35. A
36.F 37.T 38. T 39. F 40. F
Part III Writing Test(20 points)
For reference;
41. (Award 1 point for each blank, examples can be different from the following)
(1) Acronym/abbreviation:OPEC, ROM, MTR, OK，BBC (any three are correct)
(2) Borrowed by translation; Dragon-boat，the Fragrance Hill;
(3) Borrowed by pronunciation:Kongf u，dim sum, Fung shui.""
(4 )Old words with new meanings:Windows, keys，mouse，menu
(5) Invented words:infomania, edutainment
42.(Award a maximum of 10 points for any 5 of the following, 2 points for each
idea expressed)
(1)Science English is difficult for the ordinary users of English.
(2)The style is remote and impersonal.
(3 )The topics of the sentences are very often abstract.
(4 )The passive voice is used very frequently.
(5)The style makes people feel they are looked down by the writer.
(6) The writers assume large areas of shared knowledge.
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