解读阅读理解

        阅读理解题中阅读题材形式可分为科技小品、说理小品、新闻报道、人物传记、短片故事、史地文化、幽默小品、图形表格。考题的设计分客观题和主观题两大类。这两类型的问题又可分为：细节题、语句题、主旨题、推理判断题、图示及计算题等。它们的基本提问方式是：
        1. 细节题常用的提问方式
        Which of the following statement is true /false？
        Which of the following is mentioned /not mentioned？
        The writer states… 
        The author mentions that…
        What time does the writer think is…  ？
        How many/how much /where/how /why…？
        2. 语句题常用的提问方式
        The word“…”most likely means/would best be placed by …？
        What do you think the expression“…”stand for？
        By saying“…”we mean … 
        “…”is used in the passage, can best be defined as…
        3. 主旨题常用的提问方式
        The text is mainly written to explain…？
        The passage is mainly about…
        The main purpose of writing this text is…
        What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph？
        What is the subject discussed in the text？
        4. 标题类常用的提问方式
        What would be best title for the passage？
        The best title for this passage is…
        Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article？
        5. 推理判断题常用的提问方式
        It can be concluded /inferred from the message that…
        We can from reading the passage that…
        In this passage the writer suggests/implies that…
        What is the author’s main purpose /attitude toward…？
        The passage proves that…
        Which of the following conclusion does the passage support?
        This passage is most probably taken from……
        6. 深层理解的提问方式
        How does the writer feel about …?
        The writer wrote the passage in order to…
        The tone of the passage can be best described as…
        The author of the passage suggested that…
        7. 图示及计算题常用的提问方式
        计算题要求就相关数字作简单计算，常用 how many，how much。
        阅读理解的解题思路及解题技巧
        解答阅读理解题的总体策略是：单句入手，语篇突破，着眼整体，归纳推断。许多人建议两种方法：
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第一种：先看题，按题干要求，有针对性地带着问题，再去阅读文章。这种方法有利于做细节题，不利于整体把握文章
        第二种：先整体阅读文章，再做题，有利于做主旨题和标题类的题目。但是会忽视细节内容，不利于做细节题。
        总而言之，两种方法各有利弊，具体问题具体分析。
        1.细节题目，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速找到这一细节，然后再把这一部分仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节，在准确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳选项。要快速辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当使用查读的方法和技巧。查读的特点就是带着问题去寻找答案，但是要注意对应性、准确性、区分性和完整性。例如： 
        The World Trade Center was hit by two planes and it fell in a short time later on September 11th.
        Here is some hijacking information.
        American and United airlines both said two of their planes had been hijacked and crashed.
        American said its planes were carrying a total of 156 people. One was a Boston-Los Angeles flight. An FBI man said the former a Boeing 767, hit one of the Trade Center towers; the latter, a Boeing 757, hit the Pentagon.
        Two United airliners with a total of 110 aboard also crashed—a Boeing 757 outside Pittsburgh, the other, a Boeing 767, into the Trade Center.
        解析：许多学生看了第4段就开始做题了，他们在Pentagon（五角大楼）意义不清（细节对应尚还模糊）的时候就断定此段中一架桥Boeing767及一架Boeing 757为撞击大楼的飞机， 从而选择了A项， 而依据下一段中的“the other, a Boeing 767, into the Trade Center.”不难看出答案应为C。
        另一方面，细节题常与WH语句有关，即Who，When，What，Where，Which，Why以及How等。这些问题常考查时间顺序、空间顺序、因果关系、比较与对比以及综合写作手法等。
        2.语句题，通过上下文猜测词义来完成
        猜测词义包括利用上下文的同义关系或反义关系猜测词义，还可以利用语法知识、构词法等猜测词义。还可以根据词语之间的对等或相反关系等语法知识、构词法等猜测语义，还可依据常识及生活经验猜测词义，举例如下：
        ①If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.
        解析：前句的“yes”表示肯定，后句“no”表示否定，互为相反，因此，dissent是agree的反义词，即“不同意”。 
        ②The role and the rights of American women is an important concern in the U.S today .
        解析： “The role”和 “The rights”是并列关系，意思说美国妇女的“role”和权力正成为美国社会的重要内容，故“role”可理解为“作用”。
        读者一定要掌握好and，or等表示并列关系的词，及but，however，on the other hand，though等表示转折关系的词。
        ③ Do you own your house or you pay rent?
        ④ People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished.
        解析：句 ③ 中，根据常识，人们一般要么拥有房子，要租房子；而rent作动词pay的宾语，可猜出rent的意思是“租金”。 句④ 中， 我们知道，受到惩罚的是不遵守法律的人，由此推断出comply的意思是“遵从， 服从”。 
        3.如何掌握阅读材料的主旨和大意
        掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，是我们对学生在阅读方面提出的最基本的要求。我们分析此类题目的一般范围是：基本论点、文章标题、大意或段落大意等。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体的段落中心的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。举例如下：
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />      Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activities. For example, psychologists are interested in why some things make you sad, but others make you happy. They want to know why some people are shy, but others are quite talkative. They want to know why people do the things that they do. They also test intelligence.
        Psychologists deal with the mind and behavior of people. Your mind consists of your feelings, thoughts and ideas. It is the result one part of brain called the cerebrum. Your behavior is the way you act or conduct yourself. Examples of behavior include shouting, crying, laughing and sleeping.
        Several people have been instrumental in the field of psychology. Whihelm Wundt set up the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian, is noted for his experiments with dogs in which he studies their reflexes and reactions. Around 1900, Sigmund Freud, stated his theory that people try to repress (control, hide) any memories or thoughts that they believe were not good.
        Psychologists should not be confused with psychiatrists who deal with mental illness. They are medical doctors who treat people.
        Question: This passage is mainly about       
        A: studying the mind
        B: memories and people
        C: famous psychologists
        D: the study of mental illness
        解析： 一篇文章总要围绕一个明确的话题说明或阐明或叙述一件事、一个事实或道理， 然而面对许多支撑主题句的事实和细节， 许多学生易将它与文章的主旨弄混淆， 原因在于不能正确区别概括与具体，缺乏整体理解，全面领会作者写作意图的能力，易被文章中的局部、个别或次要现象所迷惑，从而导致“只见树木，不见森林”的错误。本题学生最易选成C，而答案为A。C项错的原因是它只能对应文章第三段材料，不能概括另外几段内容。而且C项在写作中是直接服务于文章主旨的一小部分， 它仅是支撑主题的一小点。 这些题要求我们在理解全文的基础上，对文章进行高度的概括或总结。主题句是的位置并不是固定的，它可以出现在语篇的开头、中间或结尾。
        4．推理判断题的解题方法
        扫读全文，在了解短文主旨大意及主要细节分布的基础上，对事实或证据进行分析和评价，并在准确合理分析、评价和推理的基础上，作出合乎文中表意逻辑和作者写作意图的推论或判断。在这一过程中，切忌只见局部不见整体，而要充分利用文中所给文字材料的细节、文章的结构模式、作者遣词用句的色彩，甚至有时是文中根本未曾出新的常识及生活经验等，来达到最终的目的。解答此类题的关键在与：①推理判断要以事实为依据；②判断推理一定要合理。比如：
        In the United States today, books with suggestions on how to do things are very popular. There are various sorts of “How To.” One book may tell you how to earn more money, another may tell you how to save or spend it, another may explain how to give your money away. 
        Some “How To” books tell you how to choose a job and how to succeed in it .If you fail, however, you can get a book called How to Turn 
        Failure into Success. If you never make any money at all, you may need a book called How to Live on Nothing.
        One of the most popular types of books is one that helps people with their personal problems. If you are unhappy with your life, you can read How to Love Every Minute of Yourself into Trouble. There is even a book about how to take your own life.
        Questions: We can get the general idea from the passage that       .
        A: books published in America are received eagerly
        B: not all these books are good for people
        C: none of these books does good to people
        D: these books are helpful when people do as the books tell
        解析：本题尽管为中心主旨类题，但文章的中心大意没有明确的句子可对应，只有分析文章最后一句“even”及“take your life”的消极评价的语气，再结合上文中的信息，方能得出一个准确的中心（不是所有的书都有益于人）。 这里“even”语气对解答此题关键， 故正确答案为B。
        5. 如何突破阅读理解题中的深层理解
        这种题型要求：既理解具体的意义，也理解抽象的意义；既理解字面意义，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。一般来说解答此类题目的正确方法，包括以下几点：① 首先要从思想上认识到任何文章都不可能做到绝对客观的写作，作者必然会以某种形式表达自己的态度和观点，或者让文章中的人物性格及言行等表达自己的观点和态度。②由表及里、由浅入深、去伪存真地把握文义，并遵照作者的表达意愿和倾向性，对材料进行加工制作，切不能用自己的主观臆断来代替文章中作者的观点。③不能用事实来代替推理。④不能用具体代替抽象，以现象代替实质。⑤要特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言以及流露作者感情、态度、观点、倾向性等带有感情色彩的词语。⑥ 要能结合有关英语语言国家的文化传统、风俗习惯、历史背景对阅读材料进行识别和评价。比如：
        The speed which an animal lives is determined by measuring the rate at which it uses oxygen. A chicken, for example, uses one-half cubic centimeter of oxygen every hour for each gram it weighs. The tiny shrew-mouse is living eight times as fast, it is said that the shrew-mouse is living eight times as fast as chicken. The smallest of the warm-blooded animals, the humming bird lives a hundred times as fast as an elephant. There is a limit to how small a warm-blooded animal can be. A mammal or bird that weighed only two and a half grams would starve to death.
        Question: Which of the following can be inferred from the  passage ?
        A. There is no limit as to how large a warm-blooded animal can be.
        B. The humming bird lives faster than any other warm-blooded animal.
        C.Small animals have less skin for their body weight than large ones.
        D. the humming bird is the smallest of the warm-blooded animals.
        解析：此题学生易犯以事实代替推理的错误而选D，因为D是文章中明确提到的信息，但它只是一个潜层信息，而此题需要的是一个文中没有明确表达出来，只能通过有理有据的推理才能得出的深层理解，即B 项。
       
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总之，阅读理解题中的文章类型多种多样，考点设置也灵活多变，考生一定要做到心中有数，灵活解题，具体问题具体分析，才能取得好成绩。
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />