高中英语教材中的虚拟语气一直是学生难以把握的语法项目。而英语国家的人有偏爱用虚拟语气。人们常说:英语中要是没有虚拟语气,会更容易学习(If there was no subjunctive mood in English,it would be easier to learn English!) 对于虚拟预期的学习,应该有条理地去识记使用虚拟语气的情境。而语言学习又离不开语境。下面针对常见的语境作简单的总结。
1. 表示本打算做什么,结果未能实现,体现遗憾惋惜的心情。常用短语:mean to,intend to,plan to。
例如:I had meant to go on Sunday but have stayed on.
I intended to have helped him, but I was very busy at that time.
2.表示一种相反的条件下会出现什么样的结果。常用or,otherwise引起虚拟语气。
例如:I ran all the way, or I should have been late for school.
I lost your telephone number, otherwise I would have rung you up long before.
3. 为了简化语言,句中暗含一种条件,理解为“要是有,要是没有,要不是”等。常用介语with,without,but for,if only引起虚拟语气。
例如:Without animals and plants, human being would not exist.
Without air(If there were no air ) there would be no living.
But for the storm, we should have had a much happier time.
要不是暴风雨,我们本可以玩得更快乐。
If only he had more courage.
4.表示说话者的一种假设,理解为“好象,比如”。常用连词if,as if,as though等引起虚拟语气。
If I were you, I would go to night school.
They talked as if they had been friends for many years.
5.表示说话者一种委婉的建议和提议。常用It’s time接宾语从句, I’d rather后跟从句。
例如:It’s time you went to school.
It’s high time we did our homework.
I’d rather you went there tomorrow.
6.表示说话者对一种情况的客观、委婉的判断。常用It is important /strange/natural/necessary that…句型来表达。
例如:It’s important that every member (should) inform himself of these rulers.
It’s necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.
It’s very strange that she (should) have left without saying goodbye.
7.表示说话者对过去、现在、将来的一种愿望、希望,常用wish后跟宾语从句。
例如:I wish I knew the answer to the question.
How I wish I were a bird!
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> I wish you would come soon.
8 .在表坚持、命令、建议、要求的动词(或其ed形式)和名词后跟的名词性从句中,体现说话者的一种委婉的提议、建议等。常见动词:insist,suggest,order,propose,command,demand,reguest,desire,require,urge (后跟宾语从句)。
常见名词:insistence,suggestion,proposition,requirement (其中order,demand,request,desire,command既是动词,又是名词)后跟的名词性从句中要用should +v,should也可以省掉。
例如:I suggest that we (should) set off at one.
The students insisted that they (should) have more.
It is suggested that we( should) improve our oral English.
9.在状语从句中,说话者表达一种“即使、即便怎样”的语气。
常见用词:Even if (though) as if (though)
例如:Even if Lin Tao were here, I should say the same thing.
Even though he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.
10.在if引导的非真实条件句中,主从句强调一种时间搭配。
例如:
If I had time, I would attend the meeting.(对现在情况的虚拟)
If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.
(对现在情况的虚拟)
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.
If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.(以上对将来进行虚拟)
还要注意错综时间的虚拟语气。
例如:If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在的情况,主句指过去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now.(从句指过去的情况,主句指现在)
另外,这类从句中如含有should,had,were时,则可将从属连词if省去,将should,had,were放在句首。
例如:Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />
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