在高三辅导学生备考过程中发现学生理解掌握和运用虑拟语气存在较大困难。下面将结合学生及备考实际,对虚拟语气进行较全面的归纳,并配以适当的例句和练习。
一、 帮助学生理解语气的涵义、种类、辨别各种不同的语气。
语气是动词的又一种形式,通过说话人所说的话体现出说话人对某一个动作或状态所持的态度和看法。英语中有三种语气:
1.陈述语气——用来陈述事实,广泛用于陈述句和疑问句中。现行中学英语教材中,绝大部分句子均属陈述句语气,句中谓语动词有各种时态和语态变化。
2.祈使语气——用来提出请求、要求、发出命令等,只用于祈使句。
3.虚拟语气——用于表达一种假设情况、主观愿望、请求建议等,即所说内容与事实相反,或者实现的可能性极小,或者是假想虑拟的情况。
(练习)判断下列各句属于哪种语气。
① On the way up, I am busy taking pictures.
② Nike, fetch me some newspapers.
③ What if I were you?
④ Don’t forget to turn off the light.
⑤ He always takes his wife seriously.
⑥ I wish I would fly to the moon.
Answers: ①陈述语气。 ②祈使语气 ③虚拟语气
④祈使语气 ⑤陈述语气 ⑥虚拟语气
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二、理解虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的三种典型构成与用法,并能熟练运用
条件句指主从复合句中的条件状语从句,分为真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。真实条件句表示所叙述的内容是事实,或者完全可能成为现实,句子中的谓语动词用陈述语气;非真实条件句表示所叙述的内容与事实相反或实现的可能性极小,句子中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。
(练习)判断下列各句属于哪种条件句。
① If he doesn’t hurry, he miss the bus.
② If I were you, I would accept his offer.
③ If I have time, I will come.
④ If you hadn’t come to his school, I wouldn’t have known you.
Answers: ①真实条件句 ②非真实条件句
③真实条件句 ④非真实条件句
下面讨论虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的三种构成和用法。
1.句子叙述的内容是对现在情况的假设,实际上不存在,或者说与现在的事实相反,其构成是:
if从句…过去式(be用were)…;
主句:…would+动词原形…
should / could /might…
例句:①If his grandma were still alive, she might be over ninety.
②If no one knew this matter, how nice it would be!
③If I were you, I would refuse him.
④If men had wings ,they would fly.
(练习) 用恰当的词完成句子。
① If you _____ a little longer, how nice it________!
② If he ______ here, everything ______all right!
③ What _____you _____if you _____in his shoes?
④ We _______much better if we ______no pressure.
Answers: ① could stay… would be…
② were… would be…
③ would… do …were…
④should feel …had…
2.句子所叙述的内容是对将来情况的假设,但在将来实现的可能性不大,或者与将来可能的事实相反,其构成是:
if从句:…过去式(be 用were)…
…were to +动词原形…
主 句:…would +动词原形…
should / could /might+动词原形……
例句:① If you had been more careful, you wouldn’t have failed.
② If she had taken part in the morning exercises, she wouldn’t have been so weak.
③ If I had known your number, I would have rang you up.
④ If you hadn’t done it, you wouldn’t have regretted.
三、认识两各种较复杂的条件句及if的省略问题。
1.错综时间条件句
在以上三种情况中,主句与从句在时间上是一致的,即主、从句所叙述内容都与现在、过去或将来事实相反。
但有时主句与从句在时间上并不一致,即主句与过去事实相反,从句与现在实事相反,或者主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反,这种条件叫错综条件时间条件句。主句和从句的谓语动词的虚拟语气要根据时间的不同来调整。
例句:① I would be at home now if I had started early.
② If you had had less, you wouldn’t be so fat now.
③ If he had taken the doctor’s advice, he wouldn’t be so serious now.
④含蓄条件句
假设的情况有时不是用条件句表示出来,而是隐含在一个介词短语中或者上下文中,或者在其它表达方式中,这种条件叫含蓄条件。带有含蓄条件的句子或主从句也要按虚拟语气处理。识别这类虚拟语气句的关键是能否快速准确地辨认出含蓄条件。
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> 例句:① Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.
② But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.
③ But that she was afraid, she would have said no..
3.非真实条件句中连词if的省略。
在正式文体中,if从句中的if可以省略,省略if后,从句必须倒装,即把were,should,had 提到主语前面。需要注意的是,如果有not,not不提前。
四、认识虚拟语气在某些从句及特殊句式中的使用
1.用在表达要求、建议、命令或主张等动词、名词、形容词或-ed分词后的从句(宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)中时,虚拟语气的构成是should +动词原形,should可能省略。此种用法的关键是熟悉表示要求、建议、命令或主张等的词及其相互之间的转化。
例句:① He insisted that John (should)do the job.
② It was suggested that the meeting (should) not be postponed.
③ His oder that medicines (should)be sent there by plane has come at the right time.
④ It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.
注意:如果这些词表达的不是“要求、建议、命令主张”等意义而是其它词义,从句就不用虚拟语气,而要用陈述语气。
例:① He insisted that I was wrong.
② The expression on her face suggested that she knew the secret.
2.用在wish之后的英语从句中。由于wish之后的英语从句表示愿望实现的可能性极小,或者与可能的事实相反,因此需要用虚拟语气,其构成用三种情况:若宾语从句的动作或状态与wish同时发生,用过去式(be用were),先于wish时,用had+过去分词,在wish之后时,用would /could +动词原形。这类句子中的wish 可以理解为“希望”、“但愿”、“要是……就好了”。
例如:①I wish I were as young as you .
②How they wished it were not raining then.
③I wish that the rain would stop.
(练习):用恰当的词完成句子。
① I wish that he _______ badly_________.但愿他伤的不重。
② We wish that we ________ time. 希望我们没有浪费时间。
③ I wish I ______the address. 要是我记得地址就好了。
Answers: ① had not been ……hurt ②had not wasted
③ remembered
3.用在would rather / would sooner 后面的从句中,意思是“要是……就好了”/“宁愿”。其构成取决于从句的内容与现在或将来事实相反,动词用过去式(be用were);与过去事实相反,动词用had+过去分词。
例句:① I’d rather you were my girlfriend.
② I’d sooner you want there.
③ I’d rather you hadn’t done it.
4、用在It is high / about) time 后的从句中,动词用过去式,含有建议的意味。
例句:It is (high )time that we began to work.
It is (about )time that children went to school.
5.用在as if / though 引导的状语从句或者表语从句中,此时从句所述内容与事实相反,或实现的可能性很小,其构成与wish后的宾语从句相同。但如果可能性很大,还是要用陈述语气。
例句:she loves the children as if they were her own. She looks as if she would cry.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
6.用在in case/lest/for/fear that 等引导的状语从句中,构成是should +动词原形,should不能省,这些状语从句也可以用陈述语气。
例句:He took his raincoat him in case it should rain.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.
7、用在If only等词引导的从句中,其构成与wish 后的宾语从句相同。
例句:If only I had one million .
If only he could come tomorrow.
If only you hadn’t done it.
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />
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