高考英语阅读理解词义推断热点考点揭秘

        近几年来高考英语阅读理解非常注重对词义的推断，出现了代词意义判断题、熟词新义判断题和生词词义判断题，其解题方法如下：
        一、由人称演变过程推断代词意义
        代词意义判断题要求考生借助语境逻辑推断人称代词和指示代词的意义。人称代词意义判断题主要考查考生对it（指动物、无生命事物、特定事件、人），they（指复数人、动物、物品、事件，属主格），them(指复数人、动物、物品、事件，属宾格)，he, she等代词指代意义的推断。指示代词意义判断题主要要求考生对this,these, that, those等代词指代意义进行准确判断，考查考生对特定人、物和事件的再认能力。历年高考实践表明，代词意义判断题容易出现在人称转换较多和动作变换频繁的语境当中。解题时考生应认真阅读题点特定代词所在句和前后邻句的内容，搞清人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，弄清其来龙去脉和前因后果，这样就能准确推断其所替代的对象。
        例1：原文：We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers. (天津卷D卷)
        试题：The underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ______(49题)
        A  active learning       B  knowledge
        C  communication      D  passive learning
        分析：D。认真阅读分析该节内容不难发现，该节自始至终介绍被动接受知识的背景的信息，由此不难推断it指代passive learning。
        例2：原文：Photographs are everywhere. They decorate the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photo also tell stories. (陕西卷B篇)
试题：The underlined word “they” in the first paragraph refers to_____(45题)
        A  beauties    B  photos    
        C  goods    D  events
        分析：B。认真阅读分析该词所在句前后内容可知，该节自始至终描绘照片，由此不难推断该词就指代照片。
        例3：原文：Tanni’s enduring success has been part motivation, part preparation. “The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter(短跑运动员)enables me to be a good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I went to race------I am still competing at a very high level, but as I get older things get harder and I went to retire before I fall apart.”(福建卷A篇)
        试题：The underlined word “that” in the 5th paragraph refers to_______.(58题)
        A.fifty weeks’ training       
        B.being a good sprinter
        C.training almost every day    
        D.part motivation and part preparation
        分析：C。认真阅读分析该词所在节不难发现，that是对I train 50 weeks of the year的指代，因此其指代几乎每天都训练。
       
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二、由原始含义和所在语境推断熟词新义
        众所周知，英语中某些单词的含义是非常丰富的，搭配能力也很强，这样一些熟词随语境不同就会产生新含义，这种新含义来自原含义又体现新特点，因此解题时应将原含义和新语境有机结合起来，综合考虑，整体思维，从而准确判断其在特定语境中的创新含义。 
        例1：原文：The next day my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood . Although our times together became easier over the years, I never felt closer to him at that moment. After so many years, I’m at last seeing another side of my father. And in so doing, I’m delighted with my new friend. My dad, in his new home in Arizona, is back to me from where he was.(全国卷I Ａ篇)
        试题: The underlined words “my new friend” in the last paragraph refer to________(59题)
        A  the author’s son               
        B  the author’s father 
        C  the friend of the author’s father  
        D  the café owner
        分析：B。认真阅读分析划线词所在节内容不难发现，全节描绘对象都是作者的父亲，作者介绍过去自己和父亲之间很陌生，而现在了解了父亲真实的一面，相互之间就不在那么陌生了，因此这儿所指的新朋友就是作者的父亲。而把父亲看成朋友在日常生活中也不少见。
        例2：原文：Some politicians often use this trick. Let’s say that during Governor Smith’s last term, her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents says,“During Governor Smith’s term, the state lost one million jobs!”that’s true. However, and honest statement would have been, “During Governor Smith’s term, the state had a net gain of two million jobs”------(全国卷Ｃ篇) 
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />       试题：What do the underlined words “net gain” in paragraph 5 mean?(51题)
        A.final increase   B.big advantage   
        C.large share      D.total saving
        分析：D。认真阅读分析该节内容不难发现，在史密斯总督最后一个统治阶段，她所在州失掉了一百万个工作但获得了三百万个新工作，因此二百万个新工作是工作的净增量。显然，该词应指total saving. 而将该词解释为净增量与原含义（纯净的增加）也有联系。
        例3：原文：A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren’t used to the early hour.------(08浙江卷C篇)
        试题：The underlined phrase “nod off”(paragraph1) most probably means“______”。（49题）
        A.turn around   B.agree with others  
        C.fall asleep   D.refuse to work
        分析：C。认真阅读分析该词所在句及邻近句不难发现首句中的sleep researchers 和末句中的these sleepyhead students暗示该词指代fall asleep，而昏昏欲睡是人们往往控制不住点头，因此该词新含义与原义也有联系。
        三、由语境逻辑推断生词含义
        查阅近年高考英语阅读理解题不难发现，生词词义判断题是高考英语阅读理解词义判断题中考查最多的试题，推断力度大，分析要求高，是难度较大的试题。解题时同学们必须借助上下文语境逻辑，利用因果、转折、条件、递进、让步、对比、并列或定义解释等语境逻辑，仔细分析已知信息和生词之间的关系，从而准确推断其含义。
        例1: 原文：be skeptical; the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could never climb high enough to see anything except other trees.------(天津卷E篇)
        试题：The underlined word“skeptical”in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _______.(54题)
        A.clam B.doubtful C.serious  D.optimistic
        分析：Ｂ。由分号后面的 the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could never climb high enough to see anything except other trees.可知，高树枝很脆弱，无法承受人的重量，因此爬上去了解自己在哪里是不可靠的，如果真有人说其成功地做过这样的事是令人怀疑的，由此不难推出该词含义。
        例2：原文：Climbing attracts people because it’s good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger.　(安徽卷Ｃ篇) 
        试题：The word “workout” underlined in the last paragraph most probably means ________.(66题)
        A.settlement B.exercise 
        C.excitement D.tiredness
        分析：Ｂ。由该节首句可知，“爬”之所以吸引人是因为对每一个人来说它都是一个很好的锻炼，由此可见该词表“锻炼”。
        例３：原文： Parents who found older children bullying younger brothers and sisters might do well to replace shouting and punishment by rewarding and giving more attention to the injured ones. It’s certainly much easier and more effective.(湖北卷B篇)
        试题：According to the passage, the underlined word “bullying” is closest in meaning to “_________”. (67题)
        A.helping   B.punishing   
        C.hurting   D.protecting
        分析：C。 认真阅读分析该节内容可知，the injured ones 应表示该词所产生动作的结果，由此不难推测出该词含义。 
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />