在中学英语教材中,含than的比较结构较多,情况比较复杂:有些结构看似相同或相似,但其用法及所表示的意义却不大相同;有些结构不同,却表示相同的意义;有些虽是比较结构,但并无比较意义;还有些结构其形式是背定的,却常表示委婉的否定概念。这些结构很容易被混淆而导致错误的表达或理解。下面浅析这几种比较结构。
一、more than...与more...than...
1.more than...
(1)后接数词,译为“超过”“......以上”。例如:
More than twenty people were injured in the accident.二十多人在事故中受伤。
More than twenty thousand people attended the celebration rally.两万多人参加了庆祝大会。
(2)后接形容词、副词或动词,译为“很”“非常”。例如:
The teacher is more than kind to us.老师对我们很好。
He was more than pleased with her performance.他对她的表演非常满意。
The boy was more than slightly hurt.这男孩伤得不轻。
This more than satisfied us. 这使我们十分满意。
The discovery of new mines will more than increase the coal output of our country .新煤矿的发现将极大地增加我国的煤产量。
(3)后接名词,译为“不只是”“不止”或“不仅”。例如:
Science is more than a mere accumulation of carefully collected facts ; it is also a method of solving problems.科学不仅是精心收集的事实的积累,它还是一种解决问题的办法。
He was more than a scientist ; he was a poet.他不仅是一位科学家,还是一个诗人。
His report is more than a survey.他的报告不止是一份调查报告。
(4)在“more than +从句”中常含有can/could等情态动词,表示一种隐性否定,即尽管形式上是肯定的,但意义却是否定的。这一结构可表达“简直不可能......”“使......难以......”“无法......”等意思。例如:
The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.我简直难以形容这个地方的景色之美。
Her insolence is more than I can stand.我难予忍受她的傲慢。
His temper is more than she can bear.她简直受不了他的脾气。
2.more...than...
(1)用在含有比较意义的句子中,对两项的性质、特征等进行比较。其含义为“比......更......”。例如:
I regard her more highly than he.我对她的评价高于他对她的评价。
The question is more complicated than it appears on the surface.这个问题比表面上看起来要复杂。
(2)“more...than...”用于同一人或事物的性质或情况的比较。可译为“与其说......不如说......”肯定前者,否定后者。例如:
He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋。
She is more a poet than a painter.与其说她是个画家,倒不如说她是位诗人。
The child was more frightened than hurt.这孩子的伤倒不算什么,只是受惊不小。
Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head.与其说教育是把知识灌输到假定为一片空白的头脑中,不如说是进行引导和帮助。
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二、no more than...not more than...
“no more than...”的含义是“仅仅”“只有”,有嫌少之意,另外还含有“只不过”的意思。而“not more than...”则表示上限之数,即“至多,不超过”的意思。这两种结构虽然是否定形式。但都具有肯定意义。例如:
We have learned no more than two thou-sand English words.我们只学了两千个英语单词。(表示少的意思)
We have learned not more than two thou-sand English words.我们至多学了两千个英语单词。(也许不到)
Take it easy; what he said wad no more than a joke.别紧张,他的话只不过是个玩笑。
I did no more than give you a suggestion.我只不过是给你提个建议.
三、no more ...than与not more...than...
1.在“no more...than...”结构中,than之后的部分是隐性否定。这一结构表达“与......一样不”或“不......也不......”的意思,意味着两项都否定,另外它还含有“正如......不”的意思。例如:
She is no more interested in the novel than you are .她和你一样对这本小说不感兴趣。
I could no more do that than you . 你不能做那件事,我也不能做。
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.鲸不是鱼,正如马不是鱼一样。
2.“not more...than...”的意义为“不比......更......”或“还不及......”,意味着两项都肯定,只是前项在某种程度上稍逊一筹,其着重点往往在后项。例如:
The new edition is not more expensive than the old edition.新版本不双旧版本更贵。
His method is not more useful than mine.他的方法不比我的更有用。
Your problem is not more difficult than hers.你的问题不比她的更难。
I am not more mad than you.我还没有你那么疯。
Tom is not more diligent than you are .汤姆不及你勤奋。
四、less than...与less...than...
1.less than 表示“不”“不太”“很少”或“不到......”“少于......”的意思。例如:
The road was something less than smooth.那条路一点都不平坦。
He lived in the north for less than five years.他在北方生活了不到五年。
The boys were less than happy about having a party.男孩们对举行晚会不太满意。
John knows less than he thinks he knows.约翰所知道的比他自以为知道的要少。
注意:less than no time 意为“很快”“马上”“一会儿”。例如:
We can be ready to go in less than no time 我们马上就能准备好出发。
2.less...than...
(1)可用于比较同一人或事物,比较其本身所具有的两种性质、状态或情况,并认为后一种情况更准确,更符合实际,可译为“与其说......不如说......”。例如:
She was less nervous than frighthened.与其说她是紧张,不如说是害怕。
He is less a singer than a musician.与其说他是歌唱家,倒不如说他是音乐家。
Experience shows that success is due less to Ability than to zeal.经验告诉我们,与其说成功是源于才能,不如说是源于热情。
(2)可用于不同的人或事物的比较,表示“不及”“比......较少”“较不”的意思。例如:
You are less honest than he.(= You are not so honest as he.)你不如他诚实。
He has less chance than ever.他现在的机会比以前少。
This novel is less interesting than that one.这本小说没有那本有趣。
五、no less than ...与not less than ...
1.“no less than...”的意思是“有......之多”“和......一样”“多达......”“至少有......那样多”,强调“多”的意思,带有感情色彩,即说话者在语气上对谈及的数量之大感到惊讶或者满意。
例如:
He has no less than two pens.他至少有两支钢笔。(表示“不少于”之意)
There were no less than a thousand people at the meeting.参加会议的有一千人之多。(强调参会人数之多)
No less than ten students haven’t passed in English.竟有十名学生英语考试不及格。
Its estimated population is no less than 5000,00.其预计人口不下50万。
2.“not less than ...”的意思是“不少于......”“至少......”,表示的是下限之数,是一种不太精确的陈述,意味着“也许更多,也许不止”。例如:
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> He has not less than two pens.他至少有两支钢笔。(表示“也许不止”之意)
She has not less than five houses.她至少有五幢房子。(表示“也许更多”之意)
六、no less ...than ...与not less ...than ...
1.“no less ...than ...”表示“(至少)与......一样......”。意味着两项都肯定,此句式可用于加强肯定的效果。例如:
He is no less clever than you are.他和你一样聪明。
He is no less humorous than he used to be.他和从前一样幽默。
His mind is no less alert than yours.他的思路和你的一样敏捷。
A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.鲸和马一样都是哺乳动物。
注意:“no less a person than ...”的意思是“不是别人,就是......”。例如:
The man receiving you is no less a person than the president of the company.(= ... is no other than the president ...)接待你的就是公司总裁本人。
2.“not less ...than ...”的意思是“不比......差”“不亚于”,意味着或许还强一点。例如:
He is not less clever than his brother.他的聪明程度不比他兄弟差。(也许更聪明)
This song is not less popular than that one.这首歌受欢迎的程度不亚于那首。
She is not less beautiful than her younger sister.论漂亮她不逊于她的妹妹。
七、better than ...与better ...than ...
1.“better than ...”的含义是“超过”“多于”,通常后接表示时间或数量的名词。例如:
The car was doing better than eighty miles an hour.汽车的时速超过80英里。
2.含有“better ...than ...”结构的句子可表达“宁......也不......”“与其......不如......”的意思,其语义在于肯定前项,否定后项。例如:
Better die standing than live kneeling.宁可站着死,也不跪着生。
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.宁为鸡口,不为牛后。
Better say nothing than nothing to the purpose.话不中肯,不如不说。
Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness.与其诅咒黑暗,不如点燃一枝蜡烛。
Technically,it is a better safety device than a regulator.从技术上讲,这与其说是调节器,倒不如说是一种安全装置。
八、“no+形容词/副词比较级+than ...”与“not+形容词/副词比较级+than ...”
“no+形容词/副词比较级+than ...”对年比较的两项都否定。这是一种修辞反语句,表示的正是该形容词/副词的相反义。所以在译为汉语时,要译出其相反义。例如:
Tom is no taller than Jack.(=Tom is as short as Jack.)汤姆与杰克一样矮。
He has no better a say in the matter than I have.他和我一样对此事无发言权。
He was no better than a beggar.他实际上就是一个乞丐。
而“not+形容词/副词比较级+than ...”则是对所比较的两项都肯定,即“不比......更......”。例如:
John is not better than Tom.约翰不比汤姆好。
Your knife is not sharper than mine.你的小刀并不比我的更锋利。
You are not later than he.他来得比你还晚。
Exercises:
一、单项选择。
1.Mr Smith is _____a writer;he is also an artist and politician.
A.more than B.no more than
C.not more than D.better than
2.She is_____her sister.
A.so active as B.less active than
C.as active than D.less than active
3.The work is almost_____we could do.
A.not more than B.no more than
C.more than D.better than
4.Mary could not see it. Neither could Tom. That is to say,Tom could see_____Mary.
A.no more than B.more than
C.not more than D.no less than
5.She is_____to see you.
A.more glad than to come
B.more than glad to come
C.more glad to come than
D.much glad to come than
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二、根据汉语提示,完成英语句子。
6.I have been here for_____ (只不过五年).
7.He has_____(有……之多,不下)1,000 dollars.
8.In _____(不到)a month he got everything ready.
9.他和我们一样不是科学家。He is _____ a scientist_____ we are.
10.我们不比别人笨。We are_____others.
11.我和你一样穷。I am _____you.
12.这本书的用处不亚于那本书。This book is _____ that one.
13.只有八个人去北京了。_____have gone to Beijing.
14.说得好,不如做得好。_____to do well _____to say well.
15.去年我在黄山待了不到一周。I stayed in Huangshan Mountains _____a week.
16.这本书看来与其说是一本语法书,倒不如说是一本词典。The book seems to be_____a dictionary _____a grammar.
[参考答案]
1-5 ABCAB
6.no more than five years
7.no less than
8.less than
9.no more,than
10.no more stupid than
11.no richer than
12.not less useful than
13.No more than eight
14.Better,than
15.less than
16.more,than
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />
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