新教材各单元的主要阅读语篇,题材和体裁多种多样,从高一(上)到高三(下),阅读语篇的长度递增,从300-400字增至700-800字。这些课文载有该单元有关主题的重要信息,还呈现了其中大部份的词汇和主要的语法结构。在教学中,我将阅读课文作为整体来处理,运用各种方法理解课文,提高学生阅读技能。
一、词汇的学习
是否能记住单词是高中学生学好英语的关键。我们知道,学英语要有良好方法才能获得良好效果,当然,记忆单词和短语也要有良好方法才能记得牢固,甚至永不遗忘。那么教师应怎样教单词,学生应怎样记单词才会有更好的效果呢?本人根据多年的教学实践探索,就如何进行词汇教学及如何指导学生词汇学习两方面谈谈自己的一些做法。
1.利用构词法教新词
英语构词法有三种基本形式,即合成(compounding),转换(conversion),和派生(derivation)比如学习school通过合成可以进一步学到schoolmate (同学),schoolroom(教室),school-house(校舍),schoolboy (girl )(男,女生),schoolbook(教科书),schoolmaster (男教员),schoolmistress(女教员),schooltime (上课时间),schoolage (学龄),schoolday (求学时代)等。
在英语中有大量动词可转化为名词,其意思变化不大。如look, try, swim, quarrel, fight, dream等。又有相当多的名词可以用作动词,有许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作。如picture, pencil, water, flower, hand, bottle, pocket等。学生掌握了这些基本词类转换之后,对句子I like a quiet read after supper.和I hope we can room together中的read和room就不难理解其意思了。
一般说来英语词汇的结构,除词根外,基本上是由词根加前缀或后缀构成。有些单词同时可加前缀和后缀形式。词根表示词的基本词意,前缀和后缀表示词的附加词汇意义或语法意义。比如:honor(荣誉,尊重)加前缀构成dishonor, 加后缀构成honorable, honor的前缀构成与词根相反的意义(耻辱),后缀又赋予它由名词变成形容词,副词的语法意义。又如act(行动v. 行为n.)是词根,可以加后缀派生出其它词汇,actor(男演员),actress(女演员),action(行为,做法),acting(代理的,演技)。学生利用词头词尾的学习不但能很快地推断出其读音,词性和词义,而且迅速扩大词汇量,提高学单词的兴趣和信心,轻而易举地学会并牢记这一新词,形成了以旧带新,以新联旧,相互渗透的良好记忆循环。
2.形、音、义相结合教新词
备课时要侧重备些新词与旧词在形,音,义上的联系,上课时特别要鼓励学生发现词典,课本,参考书上没有提到的联系,发现一个词与其他词的多种多样的联系。例如:airport=air+port,understand= under+stand,telephone=tele+phone,television=tele+vision, kilometer=kilo+metre,headache=head+ache,headline=head+line,这组词在意义上都有联系。又如:care — careful — carefully — careless — carelessly — carelessness, 的结构联系有同前缀,同词根的联系等几个基本方面。及时地讲授基本英语构词知识,学生不但可以较快地记 use—useful—usefully—useless—uselessly—uselessness,这两组都是同词根的词。
3.结合课文,词组,句子教新词。
“词不离句,句不离文”,这是前人教单词的经验之谈。只有把单词连成句子,并联成话语才能实现其交际功能,达到表达思想,交流感情的目的。也可将一些词组,句子组成对话,有情景,有意义,学生易学易记,还能促进学生学习英语的兴趣。还可结合课文的内容设置一些问题,该课的生词可包括在问题之中,也可包括在问题的答案中。例如:
desert—Camels are usually regarded as “ boats in the desert.”
pour—Take an umbrella. It’s pouring down outside.
present—Every guest who is present at the dance will get a beautiful present.
cause—One of the causes of the accident was poor management.
pollute, pollution —What is the most serious pollution in our city ?
—Air pollution. The smokes from the cars pollute the air.
4.用英语解释教新词
用学生学过的旧词来引导新词,解释新词,例如:attend: to be present at or to go to ;divide: to cause to separate;shoot: to fire,to hit,to wound or to kill with a gun;form: to take or make into a shape;include: to contain or to have as a part等。有时可先给出一个新词英文释义,让学生来猜新词, 这样既复习旧词,又提高学生的英语思维能力。
5.通过语境教新词
语境(context)可以展示词语的具体用法以及它们的搭配。通过语境学习词汇可以大大提高学习效率。众所周知,离开语境,很多词的意义便含糊不清。如a sweet temper 中的sweet 常含有gentle的意思,而在the sweet smell of roses中的sweet却表示light pleasant或fragrant。由于英语中有些词汇意义不止一个,就会产生歧义。例如I live near the bank,既可理解I live near the riverside,也可理解为I live near the establishment for the deposit of money。
6.通过文化背景教新词
有些词义问题往往是文化问题,也是思维方式问题。词汇教学要引导学生由意义到文化,由文化到思想,指导学生掌握词义演变的规律,学生便会对词汇学习产生兴趣。例如:China(中国);china(瓷器);drive(驱,赶,驾驶);see(看见,明白,懂得);Indian(印度人,印第安人);ring(环,圈,戒指,铃响,打电话);settle(停留,安家,定居,解决);power(力量,动力,电力,权力,政权);meet one’s Waterloo如果知道这个词组的典故就不难记住。十九世纪初拿破仑称雄欧洲一时,最后终于战败于比利时的滑铁卢,后来人们将“遇到滑铁卢之战”喻为“惨遭失败”。
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二、阅读的引入
俗话说:“良好的开端是成功的一半。”一堂课如果引入得当,能直接吸引学生,极大地调动学生的积极性,课堂气氛也变得轻松活泼,课堂效率也会得到提高。导入时要尽可能使学生主动参与,为整节课作好开路先锋。导入手段多种多样,可通过文中插图,问答、讨论的形式,也可通过各种教学媒体,如直观导入。讲“Earthquake”时,可找与此有关的录像或VCD片断,通过放映,让学生感受地震时人们的心情及地震所造成的灾难。在“Charlie Chaplin”时也可用此方法,达到事半功倍的效果。当然,也可以通过音乐欣赏,背景知识等等作为引入。
三、阅读课的教学
我通常将阅读作为整体来教学,一篇阅读课分为两课时进行, 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一课时进行阅读,第二课时讲解及练习。
(一)阅读课时
阅读课通常采用“三遍阅读法”:即 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一遍简单问题,可通过快速阅读进行,问题可能是判断,也可能是问题或找主题句。第二遍难度中等,如细节问题,段落主题句,词义推敲等。第三遍较难问题,如主旨大意,推断题,复述等。2005年高考题型增加了填空题,因此复述课文显得很重要。复述可采用key words , 问题式或填空式等。另外,根据文章的难易程度及文章的体裁,我对课文阅读处理分为两种:
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第一种,“长难句-细节题-主旨大意” 。文章较难,学生在阅读中可能长难句较多,生词较多,以理解或不太熟悉的科普文章等,或叙述性文章。以课文We are what we eat 为例,这篇课文对学生难度较大,我分四步进行:
1. 从标题入手,要求学生预测语篇内容。
2. 阅读语篇,了解主要内容并找出自己的长难句,师生共同解决,这一步完成之后,文章难度降低。
3. 细节题处理。如⑴ “What do the words ‘fuel’ and ‘green’ mean? ”
⑵ “ Can you find any other words to replace them?”
⑶ According to the passage, the 21st –century person should ____.
A. not be too careful with his food
B. have a healthy and balanced diet
C. be changing his eating habits all the time
D. keep his traditional diets and eating habits
⑷In the text, vegans are people who _____.
A. prefer traditional diets
B. have good eating habits
C. prefer organic vegetables
D. eat no animal products
4.要求学生找出各段的主题句并以此为脉络复述课文。
Para1 We’d better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat .
Para2 We’d better think if the food will give us the nutrients when making right choices.
Para3 Many people make choices based on what they believe .
Para4 We should buy good food and keep a balanced diet when making choices.
Para5 In a word , the best way is to develop healthy eating habits.
主题句找到后,学生对本文脉络清楚,关上书作复述也简单了,并且输入语言到头脑中了。第二种,“主旨大意-细节题-长难句”。说明文、议论文体裁或段落主题句较明显的可采用 。可让学生整体粗读,领略文章大意,培养学生找出主题句,抓住中心,从而整体理解的能力。有相当多的英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句,且主题段通常在文章开头,简要概括文章的中心意思;主题句可能在一段文章的开头,中间,也可能在末尾,要求学生能快速找出,做到“先见林后见木”,并以此为文脉,了解文章细节。长难句的处理采取讨论式和教师主讲式,由学生提出问题,学生讨论或学生讲解等,教师补充。
以The birth of a festival为例:
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第一遍,让学生掌握文篇的“general ideas”或“What have we learned about- kwanzaa after reading ?”
⑵ 阅读第二遍。了解文章细节,可采用表格作归纳。Name,Date,Meaning,Principles,Symbol Celebration。
⑶阅读第三遍,与学生共同处理长难句,可讨论,可个别翻译,解决阅读中理解句子的问题,带动差生读懂文章。
(二)讲解语言点及练习
这堂课的重点是对课文的词汇、短语、句型及优美句式进行整理记忆并学会使用。在讲解语言点时,我尽可能突出“重中之重”。讲解点不要过多。尽可能4个点之内,然后要求学生用红笔将重要短语,句型勾划出,并给10分钟左右的时间进行课堂记忆,剩余时间尽可能给学生练习。练习选取一些与讲解语言点、短语等句型有关的单选,单句改错,单句翻译、单词拼写等进行基础巩固练习。课后补充阅读材料进行能力提升的训练。以The birth of a festival一文为例:
讲解⑴ would do sth. 过去常常做……(与现在无关)联系used to do sth. 过去常常做……(与现在有关,意味这种行为现在已不存在)
e.g. He would come to my home for help when he had any trouble.
He used to be a teacher.
He used to get up late, but now gets up very early.
⑵ dress up (as)
联系wear, be in , have on , be dressed in , put on
e.g. We dressed up for the wedding.
He dressed up as a policeman.
dress sb./ oneslf up 把某人(自己)打扮起来,给某人()穿上衣服,
注意:dress + sb.
⑶ take in
He had nowhere to go, so I took him in(收容,留宿).
She didn’t take in what I said(理解,体会,了解).
She was not easily taken in(蒙骗,欺骗).
The tour takes in some famous places(包含,包括).
⑷ do as much / as sb. can(do) to do… do everything /anything /all sb. can(do) to do… do what sb. can(do)to do…to do…作目的状语。
He will drive as carefully as he can to avoid any accidents.
He run as fast as he could in the race and finally won the first place.
勾划课文短语如:
⑴ greet the new year and think about the past
⑵ a seven-day festival
⑶ build one’s life
⑷ honor our ancestors
⑸ commercial activities
⑹ enjoy a large meal
⑺ in honor of
⑻ celebrate a festival
⑼ get together
⑽ a lighted candle
勾划句子:文中有些句子结构对称,意义深刻,可指导学生背诵并懂得这些表达法:
⑴ The week following Christmas Day ,man is African-American families get together to greet …
⑵ The festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture ,a way to build a society,…
⑶ We must do as much as we can to make our community better…
⑷ Festivals help us understand who we are,…
附课堂练习:
1. Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.(NMET 2004)
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
2. Often he _____sit for hours doing nothing at all when he was in no spirits.
A. should B. would C. could D. might
3. I _____walk to school , but now I go by bike.
A. used to B. is used to C. use to D. was used to
4. The poor boy is in danger, we should do all we ____help him out.
A. can do B. can to do C. can to D. can
5. The Shanghai you see today is quite a different city from what it ______.
A. was used to B. used to do C. was used to do D. used to be
6. The woman was _____by the man’s offers of marriage and stupidly gave him most of her money .
A. taken out B. taken in C. taken off D. taken on
7. Many students signed up for the ____ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.(2003上海春季)
A.800-metre-long B.800-metres-long C.800-metres-length D.800-metre-length
8. ______with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004 湖北)
A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared
9.—Who is the girl standing over there?
—Well, if you ______know , her name is Mabel .(2004天津)
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
10. What surprised me was not what he said, but _____he said it.(2004湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
单句改错:
1. Because so much viewing , children may not develop the ability to enjoy themselves.
2. People celebrates Kwanzaa by light a candle each day.
3. We must do as much as we can make our homeland stronger and stronger.
4. Kwanzaa is a 7-days festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans.
5. Many teachers worry about the effects of television for young people.
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总之,在阅读教学中,尽可能根据文章及学生的实际灵活使用教学方法,坚持整体教学,广泛阅读,掌握一定的阅读技巧,努力提高阅读的能力及速度。
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