NMET书面表达题旨在测试高中考生“书面上初步运用英语的能力”,考查考生是否能够运用所学的英语知识和掌握的技能传递书面信息,进行思想交流。
书面表达题是一种指导性写作。试题要求考生根据所给的情景,用简单明了的语言写出一篇80词左右的短文。所给的情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等;提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲、短文等;所要求的体裁多为应用文(书信、通知、便条)、记叙文(看图作文、缩写等)和说明文(人物介绍、地点介绍等)。书面表达题最根本的要求是:切中题意;语言准确、得当;条理清楚。
NMET书面表达题是一种限制性写作。它着重考查考生的英语书面表达能力,要求考生按题目内容的要求,组织好所提供的材料,用简单恰当的语言表达出来。无需考生花时间去立意、布局、展开等。但它又不是简单的翻译,因此也就不能逐字逐句按汉语的意思进行翻译。考生只有在领会了“提示”的要求后,才能用英文组织句子,并把意思完整的表达清楚,才可获得高分。书面表达题是NMET试题中重要的、而且是难度较大的题型。它的分值已从2010年起提高到了35分。从中也可看出NMET很重视对考生书面交际能力的考查。于此笔者结合多年的教育教学工作经验与高考作文评分量标谈谈高考高分作文审题,遣词、造句、润色、排段、谋篇等写作技巧。
一、高考英语作文写作标准
透视高中英语作文量标,剖析各个档次的给分范围及评分标准(满分35分)。高考作文根据写作的要求和学生个体作文的差异评分标准共分五档六个层次:
A.第五档(很好);(31-35分) 1.完全完成了试题规定的任务。2.覆盖所有内容要点。3.应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。4.语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。5.有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。6.完全达到了预期的写作目的。
B.第四档(好):(20-30分)1.完全完成了试题规定的任务。2.虽漏掉1、2个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。3.应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。4.语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。5.应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。6.达到了预期的写作目的。
C.第三档(适当):(11-20分)1.基本完成了试题规定的任务。2.虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。3.应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。4.有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。5.应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。6.整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。
D.第二档(较差):(6-10分)1.未恰当完成试题规定的任务。2.漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。3.语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。4.有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。5.较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。6.信息未能清楚地传达给读者。
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第一档(差):(1-5分)1.未完成试题规定的任务。2.明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。3.语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。4.较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。5.缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。6.信息未能传达给读者。
F.不得分:(0分)未能传达给读者任何信息:内容太少,无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。
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二、高考英语作文写作要求
近几年的高考英语作文的内容、形式不断变化,分数也不断提高,这充分体现了中学英语教学中对学生写作能力的培养越来越受到重视。英语写作水平的提高能带动听说能力的提高,能促进阅读水平的提高,所以英语写作是学生英语综合水平的体现,是英语的听、说、读、写四项基本语言技能之一。但是,令人遗憾的是,英语写作是广大考生复习备考中最为头痛、最为薄弱的环节之一。由此,根据高考作文的评分量标,笔者结合多年高考作文专题讲座和指导经验,谈谈高考作文写作技巧,以便更多的考生在备考中取得更大进步,在高考中取得满意成绩。
1.细读说明,认真审题
审题在书面表达中是非常重要的。动笔前要仔细阅读试题说明,明确要求,弄清楚要写的文章体裁是记叙文、说明文,还是应用文。要明确人称、时态以及动作的发展顺序。对题目提供的信息,不论是短文,还是表格;不论是文字,还是图画,都要仔细分析,反复推敲,不能漏掉一点,不可弄错一处。做题时要紧扣题目的要求,围绕中心组织材料,不可随心所欲,任意发挥,想写什么就写什么,或者加一些与文章内容不相干的句子。
2.抓住要点,扩点成文
根据试题提示,找出要点,列好提纲,然后用英语表达出来。在写作中,要善于避生就熟,扬长避短。也就是说,在做题过程中,如某个词、某个句型或表达想不起来时,就应避开它,而用自己最熟悉的和最有把握的词语和句型来表达。英语和汉语一样,词汇丰富,表达的方式多种多样,当遇到某一难以直接表达的要点时,就要学会绕过去,进行“曲线”表达。
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总之,要多用简单句和熟悉的复合句,少用过于复杂的句子和没有把握的句子。
3.调整语句,完善成篇
在要点句表达出来后,要根据句与句之间的内在联系,事门发生的先后顺序,调整各句,排列次序。有的句子要分开,而有的句子要归纳合并。有的地方需加一些修饰语,有的地方则要加一些关联词,从而使句与句之间,段与段之间,过渡自然,连贯通顺,层次清楚,符合逻辑,顺理成章。决不可简单的把各要点排列、堆砌在一起。这决不是文章,而是提纲。
在写作中,考生也应注意NMET书面表达并不过分要求短文的文采,考生应注重的是表达上的准确和达意。此题型也不要求考生过于追求形式上的完美,而是侧重于内容的表达。历届高考的书面表达题要求写日记和广播通知时,开头语都已写好;要求写日记的,日记的格式并没有算作评分的一项。但考生必须掌握这些格式。在写作过程中 考生还要注意语言要规范,句子要达意,文章要通顺。
4.仔细检查,防漏防误
将自己写好的短文认真地读—遍,查看是否有要点遗漏或者误解要点的地方,若有,必须及时加以补充和纠正;查看是否有语法错误,如时态、语态、主谓—致、名词单复数、人称代词、连词等方面的错误;查看是否符合英语表达习惯,要尽量少出现中式英语;查看是否有大小写、单词拼写、标点、格式等方面的错误。要做到书写工整规范,卷面整洁,否则会影响得分。
三、高考英语作文写作指导
1.选词
要表达思想,就必须选择适当的词语。选词的标准是,所选词语应该意义清晰、准确达意、形象生动、语法正确并符合表达习惯。
下面我们分析句子中用词不当的例子:
A. When he was at school, he won first reward for good behavior.
此句中用reward(酬劳)词不达意,应改为prize(奖励,奖金)。
B. Our attitude toward our teachers should be respectable, but not slavish or superstitious.
respectable(值得尊敬的,品格高尚的),应改为respectful(有礼貌的,表示尊敬的)。
C. It would be carrying a risk to let the child to go to school by himself.
carrying 应改为running , 因为run a risk是固定搭配。意为“冒风险”。
D.The meeting was shut off when the chairman fell ill.
shut off 停止(供应煤、水、汽油等),应改为Cut shout(中断)。
E. The people s living level has been raised greatly.
level虽有“水平”的意思,但指的是事物的位置概念或某物质的含量,如cotton dust level(棉屑含量),而此句中指的是生活水准,即国民生产决值的人均收入,故应改为standard.
F. A series of data between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend.
G.Wrong-doers who feel guilty in the presence of their virtuous companions can often open a new page.
open a new page 应改为 turn over a new leaf(悔过自新)是成语。
H.He is as strong as a cow.
按照英语的习惯表达法,此处cow应改为horse或lion。
2.造句
“千里之行始于足下”。无论是政论专着还是学生习作,都是由句子组成。要写好高考作文,也必须从句子开始,狠下功夫,不断练习。要写好句子,必须使所写的句子具备下列三个条件:
⑴完整性(Unity)
句子的完整性包括两个方面,即意思的完整性和结构的完整性。
A.意思的不完整:Bikes are so popular in China.
修改后:Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.
B.句中意思联系不紧密: Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be a musician.
修改后:He was born in a small town in South China in 1937.(other details)He finally became a musician.
结构的完整性指的是,句子在语法结构方面没有缺损。
请看下面的句子:
A.残缺句(Fragmentary sentence): People there at not rich to purchase a car.
修改后:People there are not rich enough to purchase a car.
B.残缺句:It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.
修改后:It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.原句中it 的意思不明确。修改后it作形式主语,句子结构完整。
C.残缺句:There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.
修改后:There is a teacher I shall always remember Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> ⑵连贯性(Coherence)
句子的连贯性包含两层意思,即句子各部分之间意义上的连贯和句子各部门之间结构上的连贯。请看下面的句子。
A.代词所指意思不明确:He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.
修改后:He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not seriously hurt.
B.代词所指意思模棱两可:She told my sister that she was wrong。
修改后:She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister.或用you 指后者:“You are wrong,”she said to my sister.
C.非并列结构:Mr Smith is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.
修改后:Mr. Smith is a lawyer, a politician and a teacher.
非并列结构:She likes to fish,swim, and a teacher.
修改后:She likes to fish,to swim and to ski.
D. 动词不定式、分词、动名词的罗辑主语与句子主语不一致:
例1.To succeed in a scientific research project, project, persistence is needed.
修改后:To succeed in a scientific research project. one needs to be persistent.
例2:Being in no great hurry , our preference was taking the long, scenic route.
修改后:Being in no great hurry, we preferred to take the long, scenic route.
例3. On squeezing on to the bus. My wallet was lost.
修改后: On squeezing on to bus ,I lost my wallet.
⑶清晰度(Clarity)
A.主要意思不突出:They were just turning the corner, When they heard the noise of a shot.
修改后:Just as they were turning the corner. They heard the noise of a shot.
注意:句子要表达的主要信息应放在复合句的主句中。
B.不清晰:He was weakened by age and disease, dying before any of the others.
修改后:Weakened by age and disease, he died before any of the others.
C.不清晰:He is always on time and he will get extra consideration.
修改后:Since he is always on time, he will get extra consideration.
D.修饰语位置不对:I have interesting something to tell you.
修改后:I have something interesting to tell you.
3.组段
⑴段落和段落的组成
段落(Paragraph)是扩展中心思想的一组意义密切相关的句了。它本身是一个单元(同时又是文章的组成部分)。
主题句点出段落主旨,各段落的主题句构成一篇文章的骨架。阐述文章题目的中心思想(Central Idea)贯彻于各主题句中。
扩展句说明主题句或为主题句提供论证。
结论句总结、归纳或概括主题句所点出的主旨。
下面举例说明段落的组成。
In Pakistan the role of women is changing.(主题句)Although wearing traditional clothing and staying at home used to be the rule(惯例), today many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law ,and engineering.(扩展句)They comprise a large part of the workers in business and factories, and , in addition, they are working up (=advancing gradually to) important jobs which used to be held mainly by men.(扩展句2) There are even some businesses which are run completely by women.(扩展句3)However, they still run up against some obstacles since many government jobs are closed to them, and certain jobs are not considered honorable for women.(扩展句)In general, they feel they are more liberated now and have and alternative to their old way of life.(结论句)
高考英语作文考试大纲规定,考生应在40分钟内写出一篇不少于150词的短文。如果短文由3-4段组成。那每段也只有20-30词左右。所以一般说来,只要有4-5句就够了。考生如按主题句、扩展句、结论句的数量比例适当安排一下,要写成段落也就不难了。
⑵过渡词
过渡词(Transitional words)是一种关系指引词。它是连接句与句、段与段的纽带。过渡词一般为副词或起副词作用的短语。此外,代词、连词、上下文同义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章的启、承、转、合融会贯通、连成一体。
There are, on the other hand, many good reasons against owning a car. First, it can be very expensive to purchase and run a car. The gas shortage has caused a big problem for drivers, and the price of fuel continues to go up each year. In addition, it costs a great deal to maintain, repair and insure a car. Second , owning a car can also cause worry and stress, It is exhausting to drive a car in heavy traffic .It often happens that a driver can be help up on his way because of a traffic jam. What is worse cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities ,which pollutes the environment seriously.
过渡词的分类根据过渡词在文章中的作用,大致可分四类:
A. 用于“启”的过渡词语:
First ,first of all .at first, in the first place, firstly ,to begin with , to start with ,recently, now, at present, in recent years等。
B. 用于“承”的过渡词语
second ,secondly, similarly, in addition, besides , then, furthermore, moreover, what is more,what is worse, for example, for instance ,certainly ,surely obviously ,in other words, especially particularly ,in particular indeed ,still third thirdly, truly, in fact, in plain terms(=simply speaking),in practice, for the most part(基本上), at the same time, no doubt等。
C.用于“转”的过渡词语:
however, on the other hand ,on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何),conversely(相反地),nevertheless(虽然如此),otherwise ,or, or else, while…,whereas….
D.用于“合”的过渡词语:
consequently, as a consequence, therefore, as a result, above all(=most important) ,thus ,after all (毕竟),generally speaking, in general, finally, at last, eventually, hence, in short(
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总之),in conclusion, in a word(
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总之,简言之),in sum(
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总之),on the whole(就整体而言),to sun up等。
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