常见英语改错题浅析

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摘要:本文对2010年全国各地30多套高考英语模拟试卷和英语联考试卷进行了分析、研究、归纳,总结出了12类改错题型,希望能帮助学生掌握答题技巧。
关键词:英语改错题;改错技巧;常见的改错处
        中国学生在学习英语的过程中,由于东西方文化的语言思维、习惯用法及表达方式等的差异,学生经常会不自觉犯一些错误。为了消除英语错误,在英语试卷中经常会短文改错题。对于英语表达水平高、英语习惯好的学生来说,短文改错题很简单,但对于英语学习习惯差的学生来说,短文改错题,则难以让人捉摸,往往是考试的失分点。本文就短文改错题,谈谈笔者的粗略见解,以降低学生犯错误的几率。
        短文改错题短小精悍,仅有11~12行,120来个单词,和写作题的篇幅相当。短文中的人物一般只有1~2人,结构非常严谨。短文中的常见错误有十二种,为此,做短文改错题,首先要做到四统一。
        一、四个统一
        1.时态统一:改错题的短文很短,思维严谨,上行和下行,左句和右句的时态是统一的。遵循少数服从多数原则,所以把文中的每个谓语(不是非谓语)找出,将不统一的一个谓语改为统一的时态形式。例如:wanted    made.....talk.....said...(talk→talked).
        2. 人称统一:人称的性别和数格要统一。改错题的短文中活动的人称仅为一至二人,往往出现性别,数格错误。例如:
        (1)I....me.....myself.....his....(his→my)
        (2)Jim.....me....they....we....(they→we)
        3. 单/复数统一:名词单数/名词复数各始终保持统一。文中描述的物的数,从头至尾力求一致。
        4. 逻辑统一:短文改错题常考查学生的语言逻辑是否严密,将连词写错或多一个连词,是常见错误。例如:was....and...wasn’t.....(and→but:前肯定+后否定表示转折);Because...but....(but去掉)(英语习惯连词不能重叠);If....so....(so去掉,连词不能重叠)等。
       
  论文检测天使-免费论文相似性查重http://www.jiancetianshi.com
二、常见改错处
        1.被动改为主动:考查学生对及物动词和不及物动词的识别能力。常见形式为:
        (1)sb+was/were+done(done实为一般过去时)+sb,把was/were去掉。例如:when I was a child,my mom was pushed me to study.....(was→去掉)(2010年唐山市 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一学期期末)。
        (2)sth+be+done→把done改为doing,例: Yes,a concent can be very excited (exeited→excting).将这类问题归纳如下:
        sth+be+描写心理活动的动词:此类动词反映了物质 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一性,意识第二性的哲学观点。如:
sth+be+frustrated/frightened/excited/interested/disappoined/encouraged/inspired/moved/scared/worried/pleased/satisfide/annoyed.这些过去分词要改为现在分词(doing)。
        (3)受汉语影响常说错的几个短语:
        —sb was/were relied to ……
        sb was /were depended on ……
        sth was /were belonged to ……
        上述三个句式中要把去掉was/were,改为一般去时的主动形式.
        (4)表示出现、发生、产生意思的动词,学生受汉语思维习惯的影响,容易写错,所以也是命题人常出题的要点,见以下两个形式:
        ①sth had been taken place; sth had been broken out等。在这二个句式中,把been去掉就使被动变为主动。
        ②sth /sb  was/were appeared/disappeared/occurred.将was/were去掉,就可改为主动。
        2.主动改为被动,有三类动词:
        (1)sb+vt+onesecf+介词短语
        此类动词描写某人亲自给自己做某事,属于瞬间性动词,英国人则用被动形式表示状态的延伸,这也是中国学生常犯错误的地方,也是命题人喜欢命题的要点之一,此类词有:
        Sb is/are/was/were+seating/dressing/losing/in thought/preparing for..../occupying in.../marrying to.../engaging to.../determining to.../devoting to/accustoming to……
        上述现在分词改为过去分词。它们作状语、宾语补足语、定语要说明人,也要改为过去分词。
        (2)sb+be+描写心理活动的动词时此类动词均用过去分词,(done)表示人的意识由客观物质所导致。它们是:
sb+is/was/are/were...+frustrating/disappointing/encouraging/inspring/moving/scaring/worrying/pleasing/satisfying/annoying....
sb find/think/consider sb +fruitrating/frightening....
        (3)授物于人的动词(give,show,teach,write,buy,find……)后面缺宾语时,主动要改为被动。
        方法:将现在分词改为过去分词。
        例题:
        ①However,people get  tiring of advertisements.(tiring→tired)(2010年贵州省适应性考试)
        ②He became very worrying...(worrying→worried)(2010年安庆市示范高中四校联考)
        ③The journalist looked embarrassing...(embarrassing→embarrassed)(2010年自贡市三诊)
        3.定语从句和名词性从句混淆,是大多数学生难以区分的难点。所以,命题人常出that/what/whether之间的改错,常见形式:
        (1)sb+vt+that+sb+vt,方法:that改为what,因为只有名词+that才等于what,what起两个作用。例:
        ①I did that my mom expected because I didn’t...(that→what)(2010年唐山市 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一学期期末)
        ②what imprssed us most was the local people were very friendly(在was后加that)(2010年广西柳州一中一模)
        (2)名词+ what + sb + vt……what→that例如:
        ①This might be a chance to solve the bad feelings what exist between you and your classmates(what→that)(2010年贵阳市适应性考试)
        ②You can surf the Internet for any information what you need in a short time (what→that)(或what去掉)(2010年邯郸摸底考试)
        (3)说话语气不肯定的动词或短语+ that+从句:that→whether:常见动词和短语有:sb+ask/wonder/dout/not know/ be not sure that……:(that→whether).例题:
        ①I am not sure his decision is right (在sure后面加上whether)(2010年桂林市调研)
        ②I am not sure that his decision is right or wrong(that→whether)(2009年甘肃省河西部分高中二联)
        4.动词和介词搭配不当。命题人为了检查考生对句义的准确理解和对短语的精确掌握,往往把介词写错,让考生改,而且这类题目占的比例比较大,所以往往在一篇段文中有一两处。出现介词时,一定要把介词和动词联系起来,仔细琢磨。例:
        (1)Because I didn’t want to let her off……(off→down)(2010年唐山市 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一学期期末)
        (2)……he thought of that his life might laugh at him(of →去掉,thought + that 从句。though of +n)(2010年安庆市示范高中四校联考)
        (3)……his wife would praise him of getting the big fish……(of→for)(2010年安庆市示范高中四校联考)
        (4)……She has started playing a trick me……(trick后加on)
        (5)I realized it is diffcult of me to change his mind(of→for)
        (6)……two much time will not only have a had effect on study but also do harm at our health(at→to)(2010年邯郸市模拟考试)
        (7)……yellow taxis,cars and bikes rushed to him.(to→by)(2010年运城市期中调研测试)
        (8)……and turns his paper(his前加in)(2010年重庆市南开中学上学期期末测试)
        (9)For everyone’s surprise,the student……(For→To)(2010年重庆市南开中学上学期期末测试)
        (10)Both study and work depend by strong bodies(by→on)(2010年郑州市质量预测一)
        (11)However,now we have too much homework to do in eveny day(in→去掉)
        (12)Thanks to your last letter……(to→for)(2010年云南省统一检测一)
        (13)……what we can expect for dinner at tonight.(at→去掉)
        (14)That night we ate some snacks on an inn(on→in)(2010年广西柳州一中一模)
        (15)……She might have or share something of her (of→with)
        5.人称不一致:命题人为了考察考生的思维严密性和仔细程度,常常把人称写错,让考生修改。常见现象是:
        单数不一致或复数不一致;性别不一致。
        因此,提醒考生要做到三点:单数对应单数;复数对应复数;主语和宾语一致时,宾语必须是oneself;主语和宾语不一致时,宾语为宾格。
例如:
        (1)My husbend had insisted on watering the flowers in the garden when we realized how he couldn’t (My husbend→we→he中we与前后人称不一致,故把we改为he)
        (2)Dear Mr Troubled,
        This will make her realize that we would like to be her friend……(we和Mr Troubled这个称呼不一致,故把we改为you)(2010年贵阳市适应性考试)
        (3)Whether we went ,they were given a warm welcome.Although our……(在we→they→our中,they应改为we)(2010年广西柳州一中一模)
        (4)As I’ll be free after January 9th,we will have plenty of time.(I和we不一致,故we改为I)(2010年洛阳市上学期统考一)
        (5)I am able to look after Mother by me(I 和me为一人,所以me应改为myself)(2010年开封市联考一)
        (6)He said that he wanted to start her own business(He 和her不一致,故her改为his)(2010年南阳市上学期期末)
        (7)She didn’t like me at all and that she didn’t want to be your friend any longer(your和me不一致,故your改为my)(2010年东北四校第三次模拟联考)
        (8)She found a man -shaped balloon and set him in the passenger seat of his car while she drove (his和she drove不一致,故把his改为her)(2010年南阳市上学期期末)
        (9)I can’t express me well.(I 和me是一人,故把me改为myself)(2010年桂林市一模)
        (10)The places around our city are rich in natural resources.And they have enough supplies of electricity (our和they不一致,故they 改为we)(2010年邯郸一模)
        6.时态不一致:学生在学习英语方面普遍犯的错误就是时态把握不住,甚至部分学生写作或说英语是无时态的,所以命题人以时态为点命题几乎在每一篇改错中都出现。英语短文很严谨,时态必须是一致的,例:
        (1)When I was a child……I could get a chance to go to college.I experience pressure for the first time.(在was→could→experience:experience与前两个动词不一致,故experience→experienced)
        (2)People on the street think the woman driver had a man with her but she felt safe.
(think与had felt不一致,故think→thought)(2010年南阳市上学期期末)
        (3)An old friend of mine from Toronto telephoned from the airport to tell me that he has arrived.(telephoned和has不一致,故has改为had)(2010年绵阳市二诊)
        (4)But last Sunday I had found that one of my friends kept a diary……(在last Sunday →had found→kept:     had found与前后不一致,故had 去掉)(2010年东北四校第三次模拟联考)
  [8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />       (5)I am not sure whether his decision is right or wrong.I needed your advice.(在am→is→needed中:     needed与前两者不一致。故needed→need)(2010年桂林市调研一)
        7.并列句改错:
        前后句为肯定意思时,but→and.或or→and例:
        (1)I was born to a poor family but I really know life is not easy (but→and)(2010年唐山市 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一学期期末)
        (2)People thought the woman driver had a man with her,but she felt safe.(but →and)(2010年南阳市上学期期末)
        (3)He sat on the bank or began to fish.(or→and)(2010年安庆市示范高中四校联考)
        ②前后句子意思相反时,或前肯定后否定时,and→but例:
        (1)I tried best to get him to change his mind,and failed(and→but)(2010年桂林市调研)
        (2)I am a terrible cook. I have tried hard and it’s no use.(and→but)(2010年南阳市上学期期末)
        (3)We will travel for about two months but will tour the United States……(but→and)
        ③or改为and或and改为or
        (1)From here you can travel to anywhere by water,by air and by land.(and→or表示选择关系)(2010年邯郸市一模)
        (3)Should I take more exercise from now on?Use pills?But do you know any other ways?(前后疑问句之间为选择关系,but应该为or)(2010年东北四校第三次模拟联考)
        8.词性用错:形容词误用为副词或副词误用为形容词。这类错误是学生在英语写作中常犯的,也是命题人喜欢设题的地方。例:
        (1)Then he hurried home happy (happy→happily)(2010年安庆市示范高中四校联考).
        (2)I do my best to get on good with everyone(good→well)(2010年东北四校第三次模拟联考).
        (3)He is not doing so good in his studies(good→well)(2010年桂林市调研一).
        (4)……the Internet becomes more and more Popularly,(popularly→popular)(2010年邯郸市摸底考试).
        (5)Please tell the good news to the rest of the family as soon as possibly (possibly→possibly).
        (6)I took it into my room and fed it careful.(carful→carefully)(2010年开封市二模).
        (7)The street was busy with traffic and very noise (noise→noisy)(2010年运城市调研考试).
        (8)He wanted to stay live(live→alive stay alive为系表结构)(2010年运城市期中调研测试).
        (9)……Who only wrote for thirty seconds gets a highly mark(highly→high:形容词修饰名词).
        9.用词不当:该类错误表现在某个词在整个句子中不合适,例:
        (1)Rossevelt was reelected President of the US for the four tome (four→fouth不符合史料)(2010年自贡市二诊).
        (2)The journalist failed to understand Roosevelt’s point,but felt honour (honour→honoured)(2010年自贡市二诊).
        (3)What he wasn’t hangry, he imanaged to finish all the three sandwiches(What→Though)(语法关系不对)(2010年自贡市二诊).
        (4)The journalist looked embarrassing (embarrassing→embarrassed)(2010年自贡市二诊).
        10.谓语动词和非谓语动词混乱:一个动词充当主语、宾语、表语和状语时,它已不再受时态的限制,而以doing,to do 和done形式表现,考生要认真分析动词的位置,有无连词,有无逗号,从而确定非谓语形式,这是改错题的难点。
        (1)Place his chair on his desk,the professor says to the class……(Place→Placing)现在分词做伴随状语(2010年重庆市南开中学上学期期末测试)。
        (2)……you need in a short time without work hard……(work→working)(2010年邯郸市摸底考试)。
        (3)I found that one of my good friends kept a diary,said that ……(said→saying现在分词作伴随状语)(2010年东北四校第二次模拟联考)。
        (4)Last Sunday morning Mr Wang left home early go fishing……(go→to go 作目的状语).
        (5)We hope that we’ll be given less homework and have more time take part is sport (time后加上to to take 作定语)(2010年郑州市质量预测一).
        (6)Many people dare not to go out alone into the streets(to 去掉,dare为情态动词)(2010年南阳市上学期期末).
        (7)When she drove work or back home (drove 后加to to work 作目的状语)(2010年南阳市上学期期末).
        11.系动词be用错:学生在英语写作时,容易在It is /was + done that sb do sth句型中,出现形容词、副词和分词前漏掉be(are  was  were)或主谓不一致的情况。例:
        (1)So try to be nice and it hoped that things will improve.(it 后加is,为被动语态)(2010年贵阳市适应性考试).
        (2)My father and I am taking a camping trip in July(am→are主语是两人)(2010年成都市二诊).
        (3)There has no apple tree in front of my living room(has→is 固定句式)(2010年绵阳市二诊).
        (4)For many weeks we had accustomed to seeing dead animals(had后加been被动表示状态)(2010年唐山市一诊).
        12.冠词误用或少用,冠词是学生难掌握的一个知识点,命题人从固定短语和冠词的规则方面常出题。
        (1)Use everything you’ve learned in that course to prove this chair does not exist(that改为the ,in the course为固定短语)(2010年重庆市南开中学上学期期末测试).
        (2)He wiped his face with handkerchief……(with后加a,handkerchief为可数名词)(2010年运城市期中调研测试).
        (3)I could have better life in the future(in前加a)(2010年唐山市 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一学期期末).
        (4)I worry about whether I can find suitable job when I graduate……(find 之后加a,job为可数名词)(2010年桂林市一摸).
        (5)It seemed very difficult for me because I had never learned to ride a ordinary bicycle before (a →an,bicycle一词首次出现)(2010年兰州市一摸).
        (6)I like making the friends with people around me (the 去掉)(2010年东北四校第三次模拟联考).
        (7)Is this the good thing ?(the→a表示判断)(2010年贵州省适应性考试).
        (8)When sun was setting he still didn’t catch any fish(sun前加the)(2010年安庆市示范高中四校联考).
        (9)For you are sixty-year-old man.(are后面加a,表示判断)(2010年郑州市郑州四中二调).
        以上是笔者对三十篇短文改错所做的归纳,有不足之处,希望各位同人指正,以求共同进步。 
参考文献:
[1] 高考英语改错常见考点大剖析及经典习题[BE/OL].
/d/file/p/2024/0425/error.html
[2]王宁.高考英语改错题常见错误分析[J].考试周刊,2011(47).
  [8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> 

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