摘 要:定语从句是用一个句子对另一个句子成份的修饰与限定,但在学生运用过程中会出现较多的失误,原因是学生在学习过程中对一些细节及本质理解和掌握的不够好,对此本文将对这些地方加以说明与阐述。
关键词:英语;定语从句;限定;成份;用法
定语从句是英语语法的重点,在英语学习中起着很重要的作用,特别是在应试教育中,学生是否能够准确掌握定语从句直接影响其英语学习水平。定语从句(attribute clause)是用一个句子对另一个句子的一个成份或部分进行修饰与限定,通常置于被修饰的词之后。被修饰的词叫先行词(antecedent),由名词或代词充当。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(that. which. who. whose.whom)和关系副词(where. when. Why)。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用,是把作定语的从句和主句被修饰的先行词连接在一起,而且在从句中充当一个句子成分如:主语、宾语、状语等。定语从句从类型上分为限定型定语从句与非限定性定语从句。
1.限定性定语从句
1)由关系代词that引导的定语从句中,that在从句中即可作主语,亦可作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);即可指人,亦可指物,但在当代英语中多指物。如:
A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用铅笔写的信很难读。(关系代词that代替先行词letter 在从句中作主语)
The letter( that) I recEived from him yesterday is very important.昨天他来的信很重要。(关系代词that代替先行词letter在从句中作宾语)
Is he the man that sells eggs 他是买鸡蛋的那个人吗?(关系代词that代替先行词man在句中作主语)
Is he the man ( that )we are talking about(关系代词that代替先行词man在句中作宾语)
2)由关系代词which引导定语从句,which在从句中即可作主语,亦可作宾语;一般皆指物。如:
He came from a family which was very poor.(关系代词which代替先行词family在从句中作主语)
This is the pen which you want.(关系代词which代替先行词pen在从句中作宾语)
同时在限定性定语从句中that. which的用法还有另外一些限制与要求。
A.只能用that,不能用which连接的定语从句。
①先行词部分有不定代词,few, all, little, much, something, nothing, everything时.
如:.All that we have to do is to practice every day.所有我能够做的事情就是每天做练习。
②先行词部分是叙述词或有序数词修饰时。
如:He is the last person (that ) I want to see.他是我最不想见的人。
③先行词是形容词最高级或者是被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
④先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some修饰时。
如:I have read all the books that you gave me.我已经把你给我的书全部读完了。
⑤有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that。
如:Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.爱迪生办了一家工厂,生产过去从未见过的东西。
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> ⑥先行词部分既有人、又有物时。
如:They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the factory.
⑦主句已有疑问词who或which时
如:Which is the book that you lost你丢失的是哪一本书?
如:Who is the women that was praised at the meeting在大会上被表扬的那个女的是谁?
B.只能用which不能用that连接的定语从句。
①在非限定性定语从句中,只宜用which,不能用that。
如:London, which is the capital of U.K., is a very beautiful ciry.伦敦市英国的首都,它是一座十分美丽的城市。
②在限定性定语从句中关系代词前有介词时。
如:This is the house in which you will stay.这就是你将要在那里住的旅馆。
③如句中有两个定语从句,其中一个用that则另一个用which。
如:Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was nearly open to us.
我给你看一下,我从向我们开放的图书馆借的小说。
3)由关系代词who. whom.whose引导定语从句。
who是主格,可以代替人(即它的先行词必须是人),在从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中亦可用作宾语);.whom是宾格,代替人(即它的先行词必须是人)在从句中作宾语;.whose是所有格,在从句中作定语。它即可以代替人也可以代替物。
如:I met someone who said he knew you。我遇到一个说认识你的人。(主格关系代词who指代先行词someone在从句中作said的主语)
Is that the man whom you referred to那个就是你指的那个人吗?(宾格关系代词whom指代先行词man在从句中作referred to的宾语)
He is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.他是影响最大的教授。(所有格关系代词whose指代先行词philosopher在从句中作influence的定语)
Which is the Asian country whose economy is growing the fastest哪个亚洲国家的经济增长最快?(所有格关系代词whose指代先行词Asian country 在从句中作economy的定语)
4)关系副词when. where. why引导定语从句。
关系副词是用来引导定语从句的,它和关系代词一样,具有数种作用:
①在定语从句中指代先行词。
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />
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