高考英语作文的命题规律及策略

    写作教学是高中英语教学的重要组成部分。根据《普通高中英语课程标准》( 实验)(以下简称《课标》)对写作技能目标的要求，在基础教育结束时学生须“能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要；能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告；能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。”该目标要求学生从简单的语言输出上升到用语言做具体的事情、表达自己的思想。近年来的高考作文也非常注重考查学生的语言综合运用能力。笔者以为，实现这一目标，教师要特别注重在教学过程中提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。本文通过总结近三年的高考作文，总结命题特点，提出几点注意事项及应对措施。
    一、总结高考英语的命题特点

    近三年江苏高考英语书面表达内容和形式变化表
    通过上表的分析，我们可以看出：
    1.体裁相对稳定。
    2. 题材始终贴近社会、贴近现代生活，是中学生所熟知的热点话题。
    3.所采用的提示形式是提纲或表格，提示内容简洁明了，难度适中，能考查出考生的实际写作水平。
    4.近几年书面表达部分还要求考生写出自己的态度、看法或观点，适当提高了对考生的要求。另外考生需要注意的是词数在2008 年后又有了增加，由120 词增加到150 词。
    5.体现新课标要求。书面表达在稳步地接近或达到“新课标”对写作九级目标的描述要求：能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知、公务信函等(强调实用性)；能比较详细和省的运用英语描述情景、态度或情感(利用图表提示、增加字数等来加大交际难度)；能阐述自己的观点、评述他人的观点，文体恰当、用词准确(对交际的准确性和得体性要求提高)。
   
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二、应试注意事项
    1.审题①topic/purpose②information ③tense/person
    以2008年高考英语试卷为例。
    实现有效的沟通，建立良好的人际关系，不仅要善于言表，更要学会倾听。请你根据下表中所提供的信息，写一篇题为“Being a Good Listener”的英文演讲稿。

 
    审题：
    A.本文是一篇演讲稿，时态以一般现在时为主，人称应以 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一人称为主。
    B.要点：① 倾听的原因；② 倾听的对象，其中要包括老师、家长以及同学；    ③怎样倾听，至少列举两点。
    C. 重要词汇短语：promote understanding； improve interpersonal relationship; narrowthe generation。
    2.重视语言的准确性
    ①名词、动词、形容词要分清。例如：wealth wealthy；health healthy；have difficulty in doing。
    ②注意名词的单复数及不可数。例如：equipment；facility
    ③主谓一致问题。例如：If you have some old clothes,donate themto the people who needs it.
    ④字母大小写。
    ⑤使用正确的标点符号。
    ⑥使用较高级的词汇。例如：very (extremely, greatly,quite, pretty)；good(wonderful, excellent, perfect, terrific)；big(large, huge, vast, enormous, gigantic)。
    3.重视遣词造句
    A．要刻意摆好语言关，要用自己最熟悉的句型结构和词组书写，力求为例通顺，语言准确，切勿发生一下错误。
    ①缺胳膊少腿Some students against it.
    ②画蛇添足There are 60%of the students are against the idea.
    ③张冠李戴I jumped into the river without thought.
    ④乱点鸳鸯Our school has taken place great changes in the past 3 years.
    ⑤生搬硬套The price of food is very expensive.
    ⑥瞻前不顾后On one hand, 60% of the students are against the idea, but 40%of the students think it is reasonable.
    ⑦头重脚轻Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer are the main subjects.
    B．高考鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的语言结构，所以要学会使用复杂句，如：句中含有定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。使用变化多样的句式，如：倒装句、省略句、强调句、祈使句、感叹句。
    ①句子要正确
    ( 1) Do you know where is the People’s Park?
    →Do you know where the People’s Park is?
    (2) There are many visitors enjoy the dish.
    →Many visitors enjoy the dish.
    →There are many visitors who enjoy the dish.
    ②句式要多样化
    ●用状语开头
    A. The house was dark and empty. So it looked very different fromthe way I remembered it.
    B. Dark and empty, the house looked very different from the way I remembered it.
    ●用表语开头
    A. Intense interest plus persistent effort are equally essential to the highest success in learning a language.
    B. Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort
    ●以介词短语开头
    A. I’minterested in the news but it bores my wife.
    B. Tome the newwas very interesting, but tomy wife very boring.
    ●以分词短语开头
    A. Since he was disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades,Manchester took flight for the pacific islands.
    B. Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades, Manchester took flight for the pacific islands.
    ●以动词不定式短语开头

　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />    A. If you want to pass the exam, you should work very hard.
    B. To pass the exam, you should work very hard.
    ③句子要避免头重脚轻
    Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer are the main subjects.
    →The main subjects are Chinese, maths, English, physics,chemistry and computer.
    ④长短句交替使用，体现表达节奏美
    We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. There are many trees along the streets. There is a clean river in the city.
    There are many fishes in the river. There are willowtrees on the one side. There are some pieces of grassland on the other side.There are many flowers on them.
    文中七个句子都是简单句，句型结构单一，而且句子长短同一，都在七八词左右，十分单调。下面是修改后的段落：
    Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. Green trees line the streets. A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. On the one side stand rows of willow trees. On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.
    改写后的这段文字。有长句，也有短句，一长一短，抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交叉，而且句型结构变化也很大，使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。
    4.重视组织语篇
    如果直接把句子生硬地拼凑在一起，不管句中使用的词汇多么高级，句式多么丰富，也只是句子的简单堆砌，还称不上是文章。我们应该安排好段落或层次，分清主题句(topic sentence)和辅助句(supporting sentence)，对有关要点用具体的事实或细节来说明，注意内容表达的顺序和条理，然后注意用好关联词，使行文连贯。
    写作中常能用到的关联词有：
    (1)表示并列关系：and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only... but also, both... and, either... or, neither... nor；
    (2)表示转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, though, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, otherwise；
    (3) 表示递进关系的过渡词：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more, what’s worse；
    (4)表示原因的过渡词：because, because of, since, as, for,now that, thanks to, due to；
    (5)表示结果的过渡词：so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so... that, such... that；
    (6)表示条件的过渡词：if, unless, on addition that, as/so long as；
    (7)表示时间顺序的过渡词：first, second, then, finally, at last, immediately, suddenly, soon；
    (8)表示换一种方式表达的过渡词：in other words, that is to say, to put it another way；
    (9)表示举例说明的过渡词：for instance, for example, like, such as；
    (10)表示总结的过渡词：in a word, in general, in short above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, last but not least；
    (11)过渡性的插入语：I think, I’mafraid, you know, As we all know。
    5.写好开头和结尾
    由于评卷人的主观性，好的开头与结尾往往给人以好的印象。一般开头不要写得太罗嗦，要找着恰当的切入点，快速入题，简洁明快。结尾同样不拖泥带水，最好还能适当评论，写出点睛之笔。如：苏州市一模试卷：最近，教育部规定，在中小学增加京剧为必修内容，对此大家反应不一，你的看法如何。
    参考范文的结尾：I share the view of the second group. Besides their reasons, I also worry whether there are enough qualified teachers for the task. In addition, we have so many traditional arts in history that it’s impossible to learn themall in classroom.
    我们学生的观点：In my opinion, the intention of the new regulation is good. However, not everyone is suitable for acting in Peking Opera and not all are interested in it. We can promote it to the public, but acception is another story. The promotion of culture needs a free atmosphere.
    作文在高考120分总分的情况下，占了25分，在高考中，作文分数的高低起到了至关共要的作用，教师千万不要因为英语写作教学和批改的艰难而放弃写作训练。英文写作有利于培养学生用英语进行思维和综合运用英语进行交际的能力，同时培养学生收集和处理信息的能力，达到现代英语课标所提出的要求和教学目标。
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />