有效课堂模式下的英语阅读教学

        实施课堂模式改革，一是课程改革的需要。新一轮课程改革改变了全部教材，如果在使用原来的模式就是“穿新鞋走老路”，与课改不配套。二是学生的需要，我们不能培养一个装知识的机器，要培养一个会使用知识、创造知识的人。而有效课堂的基本模式：通过导学案的设计，引导学生自主学习；让学生在自主学习的过程中构建知识体系；在合作学习中丰富、拓宽自我；通过课堂展示证实自己的价值；在教师的点拨中将知识深化完善；在达标检测中验证自己的学习效果；在点火预热中实现对下一节课的超前预习。在这种模式下如何进行英语教学成为各位英语教师思索的课题。
        面对课堂模式改革，面对高考，英语教师必须探索出新的符合有效课堂的英语阅读教学模式。众所周知，历年来的英语高考试题有六大题型（即听力、单选、完形、阅读、改错、书面表达），满分150分，阅读就占40分，占整套试卷分数的33%。但教过学的人都能体会到，在一套试卷中无论是听力，还是完形、阅读、书面表达或短文改错，即使是单项填空也要给考生提供一个完整的语言情景，而这些又都是通过阅读来完成的。因此，在教学中我们要注重阅读教学，为高考中七篇文章的阅读(完形填空1篇，阅读5篇，短文改错1篇)打好基础。
        外延版教材每一单元都有一篇Reading 和一篇Cultural Corner供学生们学习，但在传统教学中，教师往往只追求语言点的教学，将一段完整的阅读材料分割成若干部分，逐句或逐字地翻译和讲解，分析单词短语的用法、句型结构，往往笔记抄了一黑板又一黑板，学生也忙于跟住老师的步伐，一节课下来只忙着抄笔记，跟本不能对整篇文章进行整体阅读，有的老师还进行无谓的对比、引申和分析，将整整一节课的时间全部用在对十几行文字的分析上，甚至将一个完整的饶有趣味的故事肢解得支离破碎，学生弄不清人物的关系，难以把握故事情节的发展脉络。而高考中七篇文章就是考查学生在有限的时间里对文章的理解和掌握，培养阅读能力，从而在日常生活中加以运用，因为语言学习的最终目标是使用语言，而这种教授阅读的方式很不利于对语言形式的学习和理解，也不利于学生对语言内容的理解和掌握。教学效果很不理想，这也就是忽视《考试大纲》把“理解主旨和要义”放在首位的主导思想。
        为了适应新课改，以及在有效课堂的模式下，提高学生的阅读理解能力，我们在讲授教科书上的两篇阅读时一定要注重方法，即课本上的一篇阅读课分成两节， 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一节就是从多角度通过各种题型反复训练学生对文章的理解，可以分为如下几个步骤：
        Step 1.pre-reading
        Step 2.while-reading
        1. scanning 
        2. skimming 
        3. careful-reading
        Step 3.post –reading
        下面以外研版教材必修五模块五reading 为例：
        友好三中高二英语学生学案Module 5 The Internet and Telecommunications
        P2  Reading and vocabulary
        备课时间：October. 2010   设计教师：李秋菊  备课组长：       学生姓名：
        Knowledge and skills：Master and understand the text to develop the skills of the students
        Process and Methods:
        Self–learning and cooperated learning and show the results by the students
        Emotion and values: know the famous people and learn form them 
        Learning Procedure: 
        一、pre-reading ( A 级)
        1. Do you like sports?
        2. What sport do you like most?
        3.Do you like watching sports games?
        4. Do you enjoy watching gymnastic?
        5. Do you know who is the best gymnastic in 1980s? 
        6. What is the main idea of the text can you guess according to the pictures?
        7. Can you describe Li Ning’ career in your own words? What are they?
       
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二、While -Reading
        1.Scanning: To get general ideas（A级）
        1) What made Li Ning determined to succeed in his new life?
        2).What is Li Ning’s advertising slogan? 
        2 . Skimming  （B级）
        Match the main ideas of each paragraph
        _________ A. Several elements guaranteed Li Ning’s success.
        __________B. Li Ning’s sports life was very successful.
        __________C. Li Ning decided to continue his work for sport.
        __________D. Li Ning products are very successful now.
_________E. Li Ning launched a new brand of sportswear after his retired.
                3..Careful-reading (B级)
        A. Choose the best answer after reading the text in details.
        1) Li Ning won ____gold medals at 1982 World Championship and at the 1984  Olympics.  
        A.  3     B.  6  C.  9  D. 12
        2)If Li Ning product costs you 200 yuan, a similar Nike product could cost up to ____yuan.
        A. 100     B. 200     C.  500    D. 1000
        3) How many Li Ning’s products can be purchased in 10 minutes? 
        As many as ____.    
        A. 60   B. 6    C. 10    D. 600
        4)How many Olympics are mentioned in this passage?
        A. 2       B.  3       C.    4        D. 1
        5) From the last paragraph, we can infer__
        A. Li Ning’s goal wasn’t to make monkey
        B. Li Ning would open a school 
        C. Pele and Ali worked in the United Nations
        D. Li Ning can be regarded as a great sportsman
        6)Why did his success come so quickly? Which is wrong below?
        A. He had the right time
        B. His sports clothes were cheaper
        C. The quality of his sports clothes was better than his rival
        D. His designs were attractive
        B. Read the passage again and check the true statements.
        1)He was not happy with his results at the Seoul Olympics.
        2) He got a new job working for Nike sportswear. 
        3)He chose the name of his sportswear company carefully.
        4)Li Ning clothes are worn by the national teams of France and Italy.
        5)In 1991 he opened a school with Pele and Muhammad Ali.
        三、Post-Reading (C级)
        Fill in the blanks according to the text .
        Li Ning was called the__________. He had won _______in major competitions across the world. He was so great that when sports journalists met in 1999 to _______of the greatest sportsmen and sportswomen of the 20th century and Li Ning’s name was on it. But he ____with the feeling that he had failed. However, this sense of _____made him determined to succeed in his new life.
        He decided to _____a new brand of sportsmen and choose ______ name as the brand mark. The bright red logo is ______ the first two pinyin letter of Li Ning’s name, ___and ___. A famous gymnast and a successful businessman is not all for Li Ning. His dream is to open a school for gymnasts to help young people to _____their sporting ______.
        第二课时设计成是对这篇阅读中出现的语言点细讲、分析，这也与学生的认知过程一致，即在语境中学习语言知识与技能。
        下面以外研版教材必修一模块六Reading为例：
        友好三中高一英语学生学案：
        Module 6 The Internet and Telecommunications
        P2  Reading and vocabulary
        备课时间： October. 2010  设计教师：李秋菊  备课组长：       学生姓名：
        Knowledge and skills: Master the phrases and words in this module.
        Process and Methods:
        Encourage the students to look up dictionaries and refer to exercise books to finish the learning design.
        Emotion and Values: Encourage the students to love English and like to use it.
        Important and difficult points:  
        Make the students learn to use these words, phrases and sentence patterns freely.
        Learning Procedure: 
        1. consists of millions of pages of data. （P52）
        ① consist of 由……组成，（不用于进行时态和被动语态）
        ② be made up of由……组成 (以被动的形式出现) 
        ③ make up由……组成 (主语通常是组成的各个部分)
        Eg: 1）Our country consists of 56 nations . /Our country is made up of 56 nations.
        2）56 nations make up our country.
        [反馈练习]（B级）． 
        1) The class ______50 students. 
        A. is consisted of  B. consists  C. consists of   D. is made of
        2) Five players ______a basketball team.
        A. makes out of  B. is consisted of  C. make up  D. are made up of
        2. It then became possible for universities to use the system as well.（P52） 
        ⑴ as well， too 和also只用于肯定句，否定句用either。
        ⑵ as well 放句末，前无逗号； too 一般放句末，也可放句中，前有逗号； also 放句中。
        拓展： as well as ① 和……一样好，② 和，也。 常用来连接两个并列的成分。连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前一项保持一致。 
        may / might as well +动词原形“还是……好”
        1）I’ve read the book and I’ve _____seen the film  
        A. as well  B. as well as  C. too  D. also
        2）I’ve read the book and I’ve seen the film, ___. 
        A. as well  B. as well as  C. too  D. also
        3）I’ve read the book and I’ve seen the film___.         
        A. as well  B. as well as  C. too  D. also
        4）We ____as well go home ,There is nothing more to do.  
        A. may B. can  C. must  D. ought to
        5) Your wife as well as you ____ friendly to me.         
        A. is  B. are  C. were  D. have been 
        6) He played piano, if not better, _____ Mary.            
        A. as well   B. as well as   C. as  D. also
        3. NSFNET became known as the Inter-Network, or “Internet”.  (P52)
        ① be known(famous) as (常用被动语态) 作为……而出名，以……而出名
        ② be known(famous) for  因……而出名   ③be known (famous) to 被……所熟知
        ④ be well-known /better- known/best-known for/as

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        1) George ___________a successful banker. 乔治以成功的银行家而著称于世。
        2) This place _______its melons.这个地方因为它的瓜果而出名。
        3) It ______us all that theory comes from practice. 众所周知，理论来源于实践。
        4) He is known___ the police ___a criminal.  
        A. to; to    B .as ; for   C. to; as    D. by; to 
        5) Professor White has written some stories, but he is ____known for his plays
        A. the best   B. more  C. better   D. the most
        4. The Internet is the biggest source of information in the word, and it’s accessible through a computer.  (P52)
        ① access  n.  接近，进入；利用……的权利[U]；通路[C][U]
        have/get/gain access to sth 有使用/靠近/接近的机会
        ② accessible  adj.易到达的；易接近的；可使用的  
        be accessible to… 易接近……     
        [反馈练习]（B级）： 
        1) Over a third of the population are believed to have no _____to health care
        A. access   B. aid  C. basis  D. belief
        2) Medicine should not be kept where it is ______ to children.
        A. access  B. accessible  C. gain access to   D. get access to 
        5. But this percentage is going down(P52)
        go down 下降 vi (不能用于被动语态，其主语通常是物) 反义词：go up 
        bring down 表价格下降时，可用于被动语态。反义词：bring up ① 呕吐 ② 抚养 ③使上升
        eg: The price has gone down, but I’m not sure whether it will remain so
        [反馈练习]（A级）
        1) The service in that restaurant _________a lot since it became famous. 那家餐厅自从出名后，服务质量就变差了。
        2）The prices are ____fast these days. Nobody can get the prices ________.
        A. going down; to bring down         B. rising; to be bring down
        C. raising; bring down               D. going up; brought down
        3）He was _______by his mother who made money by selling blood every month.
        A. brought up  B. brought down  C. brought back  D. brought forward
        4) The number of the workers in the city ______in the last three years.
        A going up   B bring up  C has been going up  D has been brought up
        6. He came up with the idea of the World Wide Web in 1989 while he was working in Switzerland. 
        come up with  vt. 提出（计划，方案，答案等）；追上，赶上。
        come up   vi. (话题，议题)被提出，用主动表被动。
        [反馈练习]( B 级)
        1) He_____________ a good idea. 他想出了一个好主意。
        2) The question ______________yet. 问题尚未被提出。
        3) The boss is quite satisfied with the ideas all the employees have ___for the new project.
        A .put up with  B. caught up with  C. kept up with  D. come up with 
        4) The engineer announced the plan which ______by the hardest worker
        A. came up with   B. came up  C. came to  D. came back
        依据知识点部分的导学案，学生掌握了reading课文的重难点词汇以及短语。
        要提高阅读能力，在教学中还应扩大词汇。单词是学英语的基础，这就像中国人学汉字一样，如果你一个字都不认识，怎么能通过阅读书籍、报纸、杂志等去获取信息呢？
        在英语阅读教学过程中要注意几个方面：
        一、通过创意的导入，激发兴趣和求知欲，达到有效课堂的“情感态度目标”
        我们深知学习动机的重要性，而对于中学生来说，最直接的动机莫过于他们对新鲜事物的好奇和兴趣，教师的任务就是通过课堂保护他们的这份热情。导入是阅读教学中必不可少的重要环节。导入形式繁多，恰当的、合乎学生学情的课文导入可以激发学生浓厚的学习兴趣和强烈的求知欲。在这种情况下，学生思维活跃，读的时候一气呵成，既提高了学习效率，同时也使学生越来越喜欢阅读。
        有效的导入还可以帮助学生预先学到文章中的关键单词和短语。有些文章里面包含了对理解全文起关键作用的生词，如果不在读前理解，就会影响到学生对文章整体的把握。如果教师把这些关键词恰当地放在导入这个环节里，整篇文章的阅读就会事半功倍。
       
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二、注重非感知输入，介绍文化背景，清除阅读障碍
        其实，越来越多的学生发现，阅读障碍不是来自于词汇和语法，而是来自于贫乏的背景知识。语言有丰富的文化内涵，因此我们要给学生补充必要的文化背景知识来消除阅读障碍。东西方的风土人情、文化风俗存在着很大的差异，在阅读前进行必要的背景介绍，可以帮助学生们顺利地阅读，同时又能开拓他们的视野，扩大知识面，也逐步培养学生的宏观意识，增进跨文化理解和跨文化交际的能力。
        三、语言素质和课文结构分析并重，培养阅读策略，逐步增强语言素质
        阅读教学应遵循整体性教学原则，不要把文章断成几个孤立的片段。应该让学生带着一两个能贯穿全文的问题去读，先整体感知，再分段教学。
        常见的方法是让学生找出每段的主题句(Topic Sentence)。然而，找topic sentences这个方法并不是万能的，因为很多文章开头都力图既能吸引读者的注意力，又能揭示一个新颖的主题。让学生熟悉英语文章的introductory paragraph(s)的常见形式，如谈话式开头、故事叙述式开头、打破常规思维的评论开头或“奇特”人物行为描述等。接下来，再把文章的自然段落分成几个部分，用图表等形式展示出来，清晰地反映文章的线索脉络。学生的略读(skimming)、查读(scanning)、猜测词义、理解大意、分清事实观点、推理判断、了解文章结构信息、了解重点细节等阅读技能得到充分培养。
        学习英语的目的，就是要掌握使用英语进行听、 说、读、写等交际活动的能力，即 “四会”。“读”是其它“三会”的基础。因为现在学习英语的环境中，听、说、写的机会较少，我们通常是通过大量阅读各种英语书报杂志来丰富我们的语感(Speech feeling)(即对英语的感性认识)，扩大英语词汇量，提高英语理解和表达能力。
        大家已经知道了英语词汇在英语语言中的重要性，而阅读是掌握和记忆英语单词的最佳手段。单独地记忆单词给人一种生涩的感觉，没有语言的环境，也不知道该如何很好地使用这个单词。阅读文章的时候，不但掌握了大量的信息，还很好地掌握了许多单词的正确用法，一举多得。
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