状语从句是个较大的语法项目,也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要考点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句,这些从句仍是今后高考热点,应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
如何正确地理解状语从句,就要首先从句子的成分说起。状语是句子的成分,状语在句子中可修饰谓语(或其它动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子,它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句可以这样理解: 即以一个句子充当状语,换言之,是把状语从句作为一个整体,而这个整体来充当句子的状语这一成分。
状语从句的使用有一个基本的特点,即绝大多数情况下,状语从句出现于主从复合句中。关于主从复合句的规则我们应该知道这样一个基本规则,即主从复合句由主句和从句两部分构成。一般情况下,状语从句必须有连词引导。主从复合句中,由连词引导的句子为从句,没有连词的句子为主句。因此高考题中,对状语从句的考察主要的就体现在对连词的考察上。
引导状语从句的连词各种各样,种类繁多,不同的连词,根据其意义和功能,可以引导不同的状语从句。状语从句种类纷繁复杂,在此,我们主要复习高考中经常出现的几种典型的考点。
(一)时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
(二)原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的,引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that(既然)等,for 表示因果关系时语气不如because强。另外,as引导的原因状语从句可以放在句首,而for则不行。例如:Because it is raining heavily, we have to change our plan to go outing.现在下着这么大的雨,我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb up the mountain.
由于天气晴朗,我们决定去登山。
She is loved by all for she is kind and pretty.
由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。
He is disappointed because he didn’t get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now that you mention it, I do remember.
(三)地点状语从句
常用的引导词有:where(在……地方), wherever(无论在什么地方),等。 where与wherever意义基本相同,但后者语气较强,多用于书面语。 例如:
The university graduates are determined to go wherever they are needed most.那些大学毕业生们决心去最需要他们的地方。They are planting trees where there is plenty of water and sunlight.他们在阳光雨水充分的地方植树。Where there is will , there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
(四)目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so, so that(从句谓语常有情态动词), in order that, in case(以防,以免)等。
如:Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
(五)结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。由so that (从句谓语一般没有情态动词), so … that, such … that等引导。
如:She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
(六)条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know(据我所知), he will be away for three months.
You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
(七)让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意:as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
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Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.
(八)方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
(九)比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
(十)使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1.在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中,主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2.有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句,如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致,是it),从句的谓语又包含动词be ,就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.
3.注意区分不同从句:引导的是什么从句,不仅要根据连词,还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例,能引导多种从句。
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.(地点状语从句)
Tell me the address where he lives.(定语从句,句中有先行词)
I don’t know where he came from.(宾语从句)
Where he has gone is not known yet.(主语从句)
This place is where they once lived.(表语从句)
另外,高考中几个常考点和易混点需要总结和注意一下:
一、as 作“尽管,虽然”这个连词讲时,引导让步状语从句时,常用如下结构:
1. adj. /adv. +as +主+谓 2. n.(单,且无冠词) + as +主+谓
如:Hard as Tom studied, he failed to pass the exames.
Child as tom is, he can realize the importance of protecting the environment.
however 作连词时意为“ 尽管,虽然”。 引导让步状语从句时常用如下结构:
however +adj. / adv. +主+谓
如:However hard Tom studied, he failed to pass the exames.
However rich Jim is, he seldom helps the poor.
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二、疑问词+ever 引导的从句于no matter +疑问词引导的从句的区别:
前者既可引导名词性从句,又可引导状语从句;后者只能引导状语从句
三、在句型hardly…… when……和no sooner……than中,要注意主句和从句的时态。即主句常用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。并且,当hardly或no sooner 位于句首时,主句要倒装。
四、o/such……that 从句和 so/ such……as 从句的区别:前者中,that 引导状语从句,即that是个连词,其后要有一个结构完整的句子。而后者中,as是个特殊的关系代词,要引导定语从句,且要在定语从句中作一定的句子成分。
五、几个常考的句型
1.It is/ has been 一段时间 since 从句(用一般过去时)和It was 一段时间 since 从句(用过去完成时)
2.It will be一段时间 before 从句(用一般现在时)和It was 一段时间 before 从句(用一般过去时)
3.It is the first time that从句 (用现在完成时) 和 It was the first time that 从句(用过去过去完成时)
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