高考非谓语动词考点浅析及四步解法

         非谓语动词在历年高考中都占有比较重要的地位，是每年的必考知识点。对于非谓语动词，我们在平时的教学过程中要重点掌握的是什么呢？
         笔者经过对近年高考的分析，总结了以下一些主要的方面：
         一、辨明非谓语动词的基本形式。如下表： 
        
        
　　论文检测天使-免费论文相似性查重http://www.jiancetianshi.com
二、理解非谓语动词在句中的成份
         英语的七种句子成分中，非谓语动词在句中可以做除谓语动词之外的所有成分。如：
         1.To see you is glad.=It’s glad to see you.（动词不定式做主语）
         2.I want to see you.（动词不定式做宾语）
         3.I want him to see you.（动词不定式做宾语补语）
         4.My hope is to see you.（动词不定式做表语）
         5.He is the man to see you.（动词不定式做定语）
         6.I am glad to see you.（动词不定式做状语）
         7.Amazed by the beautiful scenery at the Copacabana Beach, he decided to come again the following year.
         8.Known as Carnival, the festival attracts visitors from all over the world.（过去分词做状语）
         9.Doing nothing is doing ill.（动名词做主语、表语）
         10.Slow down for children crossing the street.（动名词做定语）
         11.When you hang wet clothes near a fire, you will see stream rising from them.（动名词做宾语补语）
         12.Now knowing much English, I found it hard to understand them.（动名词做状语）
         13.Babies like tearing paper into pieces.（动名词做宾语）
         三、了解一些基本用法
        1.非谓语动词表时间：ing表进行，ed表完成，to do表将来。
         (1).China is a developing country.　（发展中国家）
         (2).Japan is a developed country.　　（发达国家）
         (3).I found him gone. 　　（已经走了）
         (4).He went there to see his father. （要去看他父亲）
        *过去分词作状语，主从句动作时间不分先后；现在分词的被动式做状语，主从句动作同时发生；现在分词的完成式做状语，从先主后。由此知道，非谓语动词的时间关系，是指它与谓语动词相对而言。
         (1).Used as a means of traffic in China, the bike is very useful.（表状态，不分先后）
         (2).Being used by me now, the bike can’t be lent to you.（表进行，与谓语动词的动作同时发生）
         (3).Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing.（表完成，先于谓语动词的动作）
        2.非谓语动词表语态：to do、ing表主动；ed表被动。判断语态一般是判断非谓语动词和中心词之间的关        系。
         (1).I saw him writing a short novel.（he writes）
         (2).He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens.（to write a novel）
         3.非谓语动词表概念: ing表抽象、习惯；to do表具体、偶然、将来。
         Swimming is my favourite sport and I like swimming every day, but I don’t like to swim today. I would like to swim tomorrow.
         本句中 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一个swimming做主语，表示抽象概念；第二个swimming做主语，表习惯动作； 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一个to swim做宾语，表具体概念；第二个to swim做宾语，表将来。
         四、注意一些习惯结构
         1. get, set, send, leave, catch, find, keep, spend, waste, scold ＋sb./sth. doing sth.
         (1).I caught the thief stealing something valuable from the shop.
         (2).We found dozens of trees lying across the road.
         (3).Don’t waste time mourning me, organize.
         (4).I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
         (5).Can you get the old car going again?
         (6).The boss’s criticism left him feeling rather abashed.
         (7).The explosion sent us running in all directions.
         (8).What he said set me thinking deeply.
         2. admit, avoid, appreciate, depend, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, imagine, favour, finish, deny, include, keep, mind, miss, pardon, practise, prevent, risk, delay, suggest, report, be busy, be worth, complete, stand, put off ＋doing sth.
         (1).Some people enjoy reading advertisements in magazines.
         (2).We all missed seeing the film because of the bad weather.
         (3).He suggested practising speaking English in and out of class.
         (4).The knowledge is worth studying in modern society.
         (5).Excuse me not having answered your letter before.
         (6).He was so lucky that he escaped being hurt.
         (7).The wind favored their sailing at dawn.
         (8).He denied knowing anything about it.
         3. afford, agree, care, demand, determine, expect, fail, long, appear, seem, hope, happen, choose, prepare, promise, plan, decide, pretend, refuse, manage, arrange, offer, swear, wish, attempt, aim, prove, hesitate, desire, should/would like, love, hate ＋to do sth.
         (1).He pretended not to see me when I passed by.
         (2).They seek to reduce waste.
         (3).They decided to move to New York without hesitation.
         (4).He offered to drive us to the station, but we preferred to walk there.
         (5).Only wealthy people could afford to be treated with it in the old society.
         (6).Before they fled the country, the enemy attempted to destroy the factories.
         (7).We arranged with him to meet him at the hotel at one o’clock.
         (8).They all expect to settle down in the distant countryside.
         (9).We should like to hear your views about the accident.
         (10).He refused to take any money.
         (11).When he came I happened to be out.
         4. ask, beg, invite, force, get, desire, expect, command, order, cause, teach, tell, persuade, warn, remind, require, want, wish, request +sb. to do sth.
         (1).General Li commanded his soldiers to march on.
         (2).I persuaded him to give up smoking and I succeeded.
         (3).The old man warned his daughter not to drive after drinking.
         (4). They required me not to let out the secret.
         (5).The pollution causes the birds to die out.
         5. have, let, make, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel, help +sb. do sth.
         (1).Now let us hear her play the piano.
         (2).Did you notice the thief take the treasure away?
         (3).He had him stand with his back to his father.
         (4).This will help him (to) improve his working method.
         (5).Nothing can make me turn against my country.
         (6).She listened to him sing the popular song.
           注意：当用作被动语态时，省略的to要恢复过来。如上句要改成被动语态应为：
 He was listened to to sing the popular song.
         五、区分动词不定式与动名词作宾语的意义
         动词不定式表将要、具体、偶然、全过程，动名词表已经、进行、部分、一般。如：
         1.You must remember to tell me a story tomorrow.　（记住要讲，还未讲）
         Can you remember telling me the story last year?　　（记得讲过，已讲）
         2.I will never forget seeing the Great Wall before.　（忘记看过）
         I was so busy that I forgot to see the Great Wall last week.　（忘了去看，没看）
         3.He regretted to say that he couldn’t stay here any more.　（很遗憾地要做某事）
         He regretted buying these books from the bookstore.　（后悔做过什么事）
         4.He tried to settle the problem, but he failed.　　（努力、试图做，以做成为目标）
         He tries using another way to settle the problem, if this way can’t do.　（尝试做）
         5.They went on to do Exercise Two after finishing Exercise One.　（继续做另外一件事）
         They went on doing the same exercise after a short rest.　（继续做同一件事）
         6.I couldn’t help to finish the work because I was too busy.　（不能帮忙做某事）
         I couldn’t help finishing the work when I saw he was too tired.　（禁不住、忍不住做某事）
         针对以上非谓语动词的知识点和考查内容，笔者在教学过程中总结出了做非谓语动词的四个步骤：考虑习惯搭配－判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词－判断句子成分－区分语态时间（语态由中心语决定，时间由与谓语动词的时间关系决定）。
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />         论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一步，不可忽略的是习惯搭配的考查。如果能看出是习惯搭配，整个题的选择就很简单了。
         第二步，没有习惯搭配，就要进行第二步。有些考题中既有非谓语动词，也有谓语动词的形式，也就形成了一个考点：对于谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别。做法是看句子是否已经有了谓语动词形式，如果有了，就要判断非谓语动词。
         之所以第三步是判断句子成分，是因为我们要依据它的句子成分来确定非谓语动词的逻辑中心语，以此来决定所用的非谓语动词的主动被动形式的问题。如果非谓语动词作的是状语，那要看它与主语的关系；如果作的是宾补，那要看它与宾语的关系；如果是定语，那要看它与被修饰词之间的关系。
         做第四步区分语态时间的时候，要以非谓语动词与中心语的关系判断是主动还是被动，形成主谓关系的，是主动，形成动宾关系的是被动。时间主要是非谓语动词与谓语动词相比所形成的时间关系：不分先后，用一般式，非先谓后，用完成式，非后谓先，用将来。
         下面以07年的部分高考试题为例，做简要说明：
         1．At the beginning of class, the noise of desk ____ could be heard outside the classroom..  (全国II，12)
             A. opened of and closed        B. to be opened and closed
             C. being opened and closed      D. to open and close 
         论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一步, 习惯搭配？
         没有。
         第二步，谓语动词还是非谓语动词？
         非谓语动词。谓语动词白纸黑字的印的清楚—could be heard。
         第三步，做什么成分？
         由句子成分分析以及句意词意，此处要做desk的定语。
         第四步判断：语态，方法是读一下，open and close的中心语是desk, 那是open and close the desk 还是desk opens and closes? 很明显是“开关书桌”, 是动宾关系，被动；时间，由句中的时间状语at the beginning of class以及谓动的意思：可以听见，可以判断“开关书桌”的动作与“could be heard”　应是同时的。
         判断选择：C。
        2． The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.  (辽宁，29)
     A. breaking    B. having broken
     C. to have broken   D. to break
         首先 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一步：习惯搭配？
         很高兴地发现，有！一个很常见的句型：sb./sth. is said/reported… to do sth. 具说、具报道… …某人或某事做了什么事。这是一个考查动词不定式的完成式的经典句型。
         由此可以断定是C、D两个中的一个。
         进入第三步：语态时间。
         语态上，who(Liu Xiang)是break 的执行者，因而是主动；再说C、D选项已经明确告诉我们是主动，不用考虑了。
         时间：见到Liu Xiang时的欢呼肯定在他破记录之后了，动词不定式的完成式表示该动作先于谓语动词的动作发生，用完成式。
         确定选项 C。此题的关健在 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一步。
         3. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice ____ him.  (上海，34)
         A. calling  B. called  C. being called  D. to call
         论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一步：习惯搭配？
         有hear sb. doing/do sth., 但不明确。
         第二步：谓语动词还是非谓语动词？
         非谓语动词，因为主句的主语是the child, 谓语动词是白纸黑字印的清楚是heard。
         第二步：做什么成分？
         进行句子成分分析应是宾语补语。
         第三步：语态时间。
         做宾补当然要考虑非谓语动词和宾语的关系，读一下：是voice call, 还是call voice? 当然是“母亲的声音叫他”，主动，考虑A、D。时间：听见叫他，肯定是在敲门声之后，孩子听见叫着呢，应是同时的，故而选A。再说，hear的结构应是hear sb. do sth., D项有to也不符合用法。
 确定选项 A。
        4．When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ____ for space flight.  (江西，23)
        A. training  B. being trained  C. to have trained  D. to be trained
         论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一步：习惯搭配？
 没有。
         第二步：谓语动词还是非谓语动词？
         非谓语动词，因为谓语动词是was sent ，白纸黑字印的清楚，已经有了, 只不过此句中是在宾语从句中而已。
         第三步：什么成分？
         做状语，修饰谓语动词。
         第四步：主动被动？时间关系？
         做状语，看它和主语所形成的关系，是train him, 不是he train，是主动。被送到那儿去是为了接受太空飞行任务的培训，表目的，应用动词不定式。
         确定选项：A
         再来看一个06年题。
        5.Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________.  (全国2)
        A.John has taken an extra job                B.the boss has given john an extra job
        C.an extra job has been taken               D.an extra job has been given to John 
         这个题与前面四个题不一样，前面是给出了主句，让判断非谓语动词的形式；这个题是给出了非谓语动词，让选择正确的主句形式。做这种题，只需要做些相反的动作就行了。
         由前面的人做主语，要用faced with做状语来判断，此处主语应为人，排除C、D两项；再考虑句意，应为John面对一个bill，因而需要做一份额外的工作。
         确定选项：A
         通过以上方法，希望对各位同仁及同学们对非谓语动词有一个进一步的认识，并且能够提高对于这一考点做题准确的提高有所帮助。
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />