在英语里,独立主格结构和with+复合宾语结构是两种关系非常紧密的句法结构,近年来是各种考试检测的热点和重点。有的人认为这是两种不同的结构,也有的人把with+复合宾语结构归入独立主格结构中,认为with+复合宾语结构是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式。这两者之间一般可以转换。这两种结构既有相似点,又有差异。在教学过程中,发现学生对这两种结构的认识和理解既不全面,也不透彻。我根据自己多年的教学经验,觉得用对比法来学习,很容易掌握这两种结构,并能熟练运用,应对各类考试。在这里,我还是把它们作为两种不同的结构来说明。
一、独立主格结构
1.独立主格结构的基本概念
独立主格结构是由一个名词或者主格代词加上其它成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。名词和代词相当于逻辑主语,其它部分相当于谓语。这种结构在语法上是一个独立的短语,不是句子,在意思上依附于整个句子。
2.独立主格结构的基本构成及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语的作用,相当于一个状语从句,一般用来表示行为方式、伴随情况等,也可以用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
一 独立主格结构的基本构成
名词或代词+分词
名词或代词是现在分词所表示的动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑的主谓关系;名词或代词是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
The experiment done ,the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在试验报告上做记录。
He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
他脸朝天,头枕着手躺着。
Time permitting, we can finish the work. 如果时间许可,我们能够完成这项工作。
It being Sunday, they had no classes. 由于是星期天,他们不上课。
The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave.
雷雨把房子冲坏了,他们只好住在山洞里。
②名词或代词+形容词
He entered the room , his nose red with cold. 他鼻子冻得通红的走进屋来。
Everything ready, they started out. 一切准备停当,他们动身了。
③名词或代词+副词
He put on his socks wrong side out. 他袜子穿反了。
The light off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes wide open.这个孩子看着这幅美丽的画,眼睛睁得大大的。
The meeting over, the students were dismissed.会议结束,学生们解散了。
④名词或代词+动词不定式
名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,这种结构可位于句末或句首。
The teacher to help us, we’ll succeed. 有老师的帮忙,我们就能成功。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
这是头两卷,第三卷下月出书。
⑤名词或代词+介词短语
这种结构常用 “介词with/without/like+名词/代词宾格+介词短语/分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词”构成。
There is a river in the valley,fresh flowers on the banks.
山谷中有一条河,两岸长满鲜花。
The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth.
老人坐在椅子上,手里拿著书,嘴里叼着烟斗。
He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆。
二 独立主格结构的句法功能
①这种结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随情况。
He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose.
他哼了一声,鼻子流着血,倒在地上。
He entered the dark room, gun in hand. 他端着枪走进那间黑屋子。
I stood at his left, my finger on the button,waiting for the order.
我站在他左边,手指放在按钮上,等候命令。
Peter came in, his eyes slightly swollen and his ears red with cold.
彼得走了进来,眼睛微微有些肿,耳朵都冻红了。
He was doing his homework, his father sitting aside.
他正在写作业,他爸爸坐在旁边陪着。
②独立主格结构也可以用来表示时间、原因、条件。
My work having been finished, I went home.
我干完工作后就回家了。
The meeting over, they left the hall. 会议结束,他们离开了大厅。
This done, he locked the door and went to bed.
做完这件事,他就锁门睡觉了。
John being away, Henry had to do the work. 约翰不在,只好由亨利来做这件工作。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 没有公共汽车,我们不得不步行回家。
Time permitting, L shall go to the cinema with you.
如果有时间的话,我就陪你去看电影。
Everything taken into consideration, the plan Tom put forward seems to be more workable. 从各方面考虑一下,汤姆提的计划更可行一些。
3、独立主格结构作状语与分词短语作状语的差异
独立主格结构作状语与分词短语作状语均可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换成从句后,有自己的逻辑主语,与句子的主语不一致,而分词短语转换成从句后,从句主语与主句主语是一致的。
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr /> Time permitting, we’d better have a holiday at weekends.
=If time permits, we’d better have a holiday at weekends.
Seen from space, the earth looks like a huge blue ball.
= If it is seen from space, the earth looks like a huge blue ball.
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二、With +复合宾语结构
with +复合宾语结构是一种重要句法现象,在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点,多年来也一直是命题的热点,重点。因此应该引起我们的高度重视。
1.with +复合宾语结构的构成
with +复合宾语结构可由with + 名词或者代词(宾格)+介词短语/形容词/副词/分词/不定式/名词等构成。
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open.他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.
产量上升了60%,公司又是一个好年景。
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog only companion.
她以前总爱在晚上坐着看书,她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
She stood there chatting, with her friends with her child playing beside her.
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊,孩子在旁边玩。
With ten minutes to go, you’d better hurry. 还有十分钟,你最好快点。
The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
老师走进教室,手里拿着一本书。
The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on.
所有的灯都开着,教室非常明亮。
2.with +复合宾语结构的句法功能
① with +复合宾语主要用作状语,表示伴随,方式,原因,时间等。
With all this work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out.
有这么多的工作要做,我不知道我是否有时间出去。
With three people away ill, we’ll have to close the office this afternoon.
有三个人生病没来,今天下午我们不得不停止办公。
She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.
这么多人看着她,她感觉很紧张。
② with +复合宾语结构也可以用作后置定语。
The girls reached a river with so many flowers on both banks.
这些女孩子们来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。
There had been an accident with ten injured.
曾经发生了一次有十人受伤的事故。
三、学习这两种结构需要注意的几个问题
1.独立主格结构中名词修饰语的使用
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词都不加任何修饰成分(如冠词或物主代词),但 with+复合宾语结构不受此限制。
A robber broke into the bank, gun in hand.
A robber broke into the bank, with a gun in his hand.
She ran to the hero, flowers in hand.
她手里拿着鲜花向英雄跑去。
2. with + 复合宾语结构可以作后置定语而独立主格结构不能;独立主格结构可作同位语,但with + 复合宾语结构不能。
He is in the room with its windows open. 他在那间窗户开着的屋子里。
The woman with a child in her arms is my sister.
怀里抱着孩子的那个妇女是我的姐姐。
Dozens of people were stranded, many of them children.
3.一般情况下,两种结构之间可以互相转换。如果这两种结构位于句子后面,独立主格结构要用逗号隔开,而with + 复合宾语结构不需要。
With the old man leading the way, the soldiers walked through the forest.
= The old man leading the way, the soldiers walked through the forest.
老人在前面带路,士兵们穿过森林.
The soldiers walked through the forest with the old man leading the way.
The soldiers walked through the forest, the old man leading the way.
4.在语体上,with+复合宾语属于口语体,独立主格结构为书面语体;在结构上,独立主格结构更简练,可省略限定词。
With the weather permitting,we shall start on Monday.
=Weather permitting,we shall start on Monday.
He stood there, with his hat in his hand and a pipe in his mouth.
= He stood there, hat in hand and pipe in mouth.
在教学生学习这两种结构的时候,可以先教with + 复合宾语结构,然后过渡到独立主格结构的学习,因为学生比较容易理解with + 复合宾语结构,而独立主格结构相对较难理解和接受。通过阐明这两种结构的内在关系,掌握和运用独立主格结构就有了一定的基础。
[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0425/fontbr />
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