英语动词非谓语形式教学的新思维

         英语分词历来是高中英语教学中的难点，老师觉得不好教，学生也觉得不易学。我觉得，非谓语分词作定语、状语等实际上是定语从句、状语从句等从句简化省略逐渐演变形成的。一切语言都在向复杂长句和简化短句两个矛盾的方向演化发展。英语也不例外。我们若换一个思维角度，沿着“从句简化省略而形成英语非谓语动词”这个思路去看待理解英语分词现象，而先不要去理会那些“现在分词的完成形式”，“现在分词的被动完成形式”等传统语法书上抽象拗口的名称术语，也许教与学都会变得相对容易一些。
         自己的教学实践中，对分词非谓语形式的教学有点粗浅的体会，谈出来与同仁商榷。
         我在实践中把英语分词的教学分为三个阶段：
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第一阶段：概念的确立和感性认识阶段
         在课本里正式出现分词语法专项讲解及练习之前，对课本里提前出现的某些含有分词的特殊句型词组，先让学生记住，并反复提及强调，以强化 “分词是动词的非谓语形式” 这个概念。至于理论讲解，先不要展开讲。这是先让学生输入一些分词语言现象，获得感性认识。如：A boy called Peter wants to see you. 只让学生知道called Peter是过去分词作后置定语，不是过去时态的谓语。该句的谓语动词是wants。“A boy called Peter”意思是一个名叫Peter的男孩。可让学生连续翻译： 一个名叫Mary的女孩 a girl named Mary. 可再扩展： 一个名叫Mary的女孩住在隔壁：A girl named Mary lives next door. 再如：The bridge built in 1967 has been rebuilt. 对此句，此阶段只需告诉学生built in 1967 是过去分词作后置定语，不是动词的过去式谓语，而是动词的非谓语形式。
         又如： The girls went out of the house, laughing, singing and talking. 对此句，也只需暂时告诉学生，该句的谓语动词是went，三个动词的ing形式不是谓语，是动词的非谓语形式，在此句中作方式样态状语，表明主语执行谓语动作时的方式样态，是“说笑唱着”，这个样子方式走出去的。以上的非谓语分词现象，在 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一阶段，不要讲解为什么，也不要在试题中扩展考察。最多可告诉学生，表主动用现在分词ing形式；表被动用过去分词。试题中可有意把课文中出现过的非谓语分词原句照搬考察，以强化印象， 但此阶段试题中千万不要扩展而拔苗助长。
         此阶段也可强化学生对动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式的认识区别。英语的谓语形式容易区别：①有情态动词的；②有am，is，are，was，were的；③有将来时态助动词will, shall，would，should的；④有完成势态助动词have，has，had的，肯定是动词的谓语形式。麻烦的是大多数动词的过去式谓语形式和过去分词非谓语形式是一样的。如：The bridge built in 1967 has been rebuilt. 此句中的built单独来说既是过去式谓语形式又是过去分词非谓语形式。the bridge和built之间显然是被动关系，若是过去式被动语态的谓语，应该是was built；若是主动语态，显然不对，况且built没有宾语，因build是及物动词，必须有宾语，所以built在本句中不是谓语形式。可对比：They built the bridge in 1967. The bridge was built in 1967. 这两句中的built都是谓语形式。
         第二阶段：理论讲解和强化训练
         讲解时，我们若能换一个思维角度来看待理解分词非谓语现象，就能简化教学过程学习过程；而不是把它复杂化。我们从省略句入手，把非谓语分词看成是某种从句的省略简化，也许就能更好地从理论上自圆其说，学生也许就更易于理解掌握。
         如上述的几个例句就可以看成是定语从句省略简化而来的。
 A boy (who was) called Peter wants to see you. A girl (who was ) named Mary lives next door. The bridge (which was ) built in 1967 has been rebuilt.
         在此，我们引入一个新的语法名称：省略简化，以区别于普通的省略句。因为这里的省略不同于一般的省略句，更多的时候，不是简单地省略某些词，剩余的动词形式是有变化的。
         以下我们按从句的类型，把从句的谓语动词省略简化为动词的非谓语形式作定语，状语，和宾语补足语。
 省略简化的规则：
         1. 若从句有am，is，are，was，were这五个词，直接把他们及从句的连词去掉；同时把从句内部和主句相同的主语也去掉，仅留下现在分词或过去分词。
         2. 若从句中没有am，is，are，was，were这五个词，则把从句中谓语部分的 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一个词改为ing形式，然后把从句的连词及和主句相同的主语去掉。
         3. 若从句是将来时态，用不定式改写。可看成是be going to do 去掉了be going。
         4. 以上去掉从句的主语的前提是，主从句的主语相同；若主从句的两个主语不一致，则应在把原从句非谓语化的同时保留从句的主语，此时原从句的主语就成了非谓语分词的逻辑主语，它和非谓语分词一起构成了独立主格结构。
         具体举例如下：
         一、从句若有am，is，are，was，were这五个词，把他们和连词一起去掉；同时把和主句相同的主语去掉。
         1. 定语从句省略简化为分词词组作后置定语
         (注意：必须是关系词在从句中作主语才能这样省略简化)
         ①The man who is talking with the students is our English teacher. 改为：
         The man talking with the students is our English teacher.
         ②The bridge which is being built now is a bit too narrow. 改为：
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0424/fontbr />       The bridge being built now is a bit too narrow.
         ③The temple which was built in 1967 has been rebuilt.改为：
         The temple built in 1967 has been rebuilt.
         ④The meeting which will be held tomorrow has been put off.  可以看成是：
         The meeting which is to be held tomorrow has been put off. (be to d计划打算将要) 再改为：
         The meeting to be held tomorrow has been put off.
         2. 状语从句省略简化为分词词组作状语
         If the village is seen from the top of the hill, it looks beautiful. 改为：
         Seen from the top of the hill, the village looks beautiful.
         3. 某些动词的宾语从句省略简化后，变为分词词组作宾语补足语。
         To his horror, he found the man was killed in bed. 改为：
         To his horror, he found the man killed in bed.
        
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二、若从句没有am，is，are，was，were这五个词，把从句谓语部分的 论文检测天使-免费论文检测软件http://www.jiancetianshi.com
第一个动词改为ing形式；同时把连词以及和主句相同的主语去掉。
         1. 定语从句省略简化为分词词组作后置定语。
         (注意：必须是关系词在从句中作主语才能这样省略简化)
         The man who lives next door is an engineer.
         The man living next door is an engineer.
         2. 状语从句省略简化为分词词组作状语
         ①As he was seriously ill, he had to give up his plan halfway.
         Being seriously ill, he had to give up his plan halfway.
         ②When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.
         Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
         ③As his composition had been written in a hurry, it was full of spelling mistakes.
         Having been written in a hurry, his composition was full of spelling mistakes.
         ④If you see the village from the top of the hill, you’ll find it beautiful.
         Seeing the village from the top of the hill, you’ll find it beautiful.
         ⑤As John has gone abroad, we have to find someone else to take his place.
         John having gone abroad, we have to find someone else to take his place.
         3. 用and等并列连词连接的并列谓语，其中一个保留谓语形式，其它的变为非谓语形式，作谓语动词的伴随状语，补充说明谓语动词的方式样态，结果，时间等。
         ①He put down his shopping bag and held out his hand.
         Putting down his shopping bag, he held out his hand. (时间状语，After putting…)
         ②He tried again and hoped that he could succeed this time.
         He tried again, hoping that he could succeed this time. (目的状语)
         ③He decided to try again and thought he could succeed this time.
         He decided to try again, thinking that he could succeed this time. (原因状语)
         第三阶段：非谓语分词还原为从句
         一是课文中出现的非谓语分词词组，让学生转换为从句。二是进行专项练习。这样可以使得学生更清楚地了解动词非谓语形式的来龙去脉。
         当然，引入省略简化概念也并不能全面圆满地解释所有的非谓语现象。不过，在初学时，这样做，由于避开了抽象的语法概念和术语，从学生熟悉的从句引入，还是易于教师教学，也易于学生有条理地掌握非谓语分词。
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0424/fontbr />