在英语阅读中如何猜测词义

　　摘要:本文通过介绍猜测词义的八种方法,目的是提高学生根据上下文猜测词义的能力,同时扩大词汇量。
　　关键词:英语 阅读 词义 猜测
　　
　　在历届高考阅读题中,总有一两道考查猜测词义的题,在一定程度上考查考生的逻辑推断能力,而考生往往会丢分。因此,利用上下文或句子结构猜测词义是考生必备的阅读能力之一。具备了词义猜测能力,还有助于提高阅读速度,扩大词汇量,增强学生们学习英语的信心。下面我介绍几种常用的词义猜测方法。
　　一、利用文中的举例猜测词义
　　常用词有for example,for instance,such as,like,namely,including等词语。
　　例一:Scientists hope to use tiny chemical sensors on the fish to find sources of potentially hazardous substances in the water,such as underwater pipeline leaks(泄露).
　　通过文中后面举的例子underwater pipeline leaks可以猜测出是潜在的“危险”物质。
　　
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二、利用上下文对比、因果、转折、递进等关系猜测词义
　　常见转折或对比的词:but,yet,however,whereas,while,although,in spite of,despite,instead of,on the other hand,rather than,unlike等。表示因果关系的词:since,as,because,for,so,therefore,result in,result from,for this reason,as a result,so…that,such…that,due to,owing to等。
　　例二:I think the summer league will be good for him and his team,whichever team drafts(选秀)him.I was not in the summer league the year Rockets drafted me,which resulted in an arduous start. A strong B tough C lucky D successfully.
　　“夏季联赛对他有好处,在修斯顿火箭队选秀我那年,我就没有参加夏季联赛,”根据与前文“好处”对比解释猜测出“导致一个(B)艰难或不好的开端”。
　　例三:Even in the best conditions,no activity can be risk-free。But most hazards are preventable.
　　根据前文“没有活动能够避免危险”以及下文转折可猜出“危险”可以预防。
　　三、利用定语从句、同位语从句、表语从句等解释猜测词义
　　例四:He was a prestidigitator who amused the children by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.
　　此句中who引导的定语从句对生词作出了详细的解释,根据解释可知prestidigitator是“变戏法的人”。
　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0424/fontbr />　　四、利用上下文信息解释猜测词义
　　例五:Happiness is very elusive.It can change from time to time.You may be happy now but feel sorrow later.We have ups and downs,no one can be sure what happens in the future.And when it happens,all your happiness will disappear.
　　根据下文描述“幸福不断在变化,你可能现在幸福,但以后感觉痛苦…”判断elusive为“多变的”(difficult to describe).
　　五、利用定义或释义猜测词义
　　用来表示定义或释义的提示语有:mean,refer to,be described as,be known as,be called,that is,or,in other words等。
　　例六:The enemy soldiers surrendered,that is,threw their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads.插入语that is后面就是对surrendered的释义:扔出武器,双手举过头顶走出来。由此可知,surrender是“投降”之意。
　　六、利用标点符号猜测词义
　　破折号、冒号、括号等起解释说明的作用。
　　例七:Every August on the island of Heimaey,off the southern coast of Iceland,young people often take a walk along the streets throughout the night.Why?The children of Heimaey are going to save young puffins--small black-white seabirds.
　　通过破折号后面的内容small black-white seabirds对puffins的解释,可猜出是一种海鸟。
　　七、利用生活常识联想法猜测词义
　　例八:I think people have got it wrong when they talk about competition between the different media。They actually feed off each other.根据日常生活的常识和相关的前文的介绍可猜出媒体之间互相“依赖”。
　　八、利用构词法猜测词义
　　例九:Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they're being stared at.If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments,said Baker,“I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”
　　通过词组come out的意思“露出、出现”以及语境,可猜测其意思为“结果”。
　　以上介绍了阅读中猜测词义的一些方法,但同学们要记住最根本的一点是坚持“词不离句,句不离文”的原则,通过上下文的联系来猜测词义。

　　[8]电大学习网.免费论文网[EB/OL]. /d/file/p/2024/0424/fontbr />